Fig. 1.

Biolistic nuclear and plastid transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. (a) Workflow of transformation experiments. Microcalli are induced from root tissue (6 days after germination) harvested from seedlings raised on synthetic medium. Biolistic bombardment is conducted after 5 days of incubation on callus-inducing medium and followed by selection for kanamycin resistance (nuclear transformation) or spectinomycin resistance (chloroplast transformation). Resistant shoots are rooted on agar slants and plants are grown to maturity in sterile containers. A timeline indicating the approximate duration of the individual steps in the protocol is given at the right. See text and Supplementary Figs. 1-4 and 6-8 for details. (b) Fertility of regenerated Arabidopsis plants. The plants are fertile and produce large amounts of seeds. Two ripe siliques in which the seeds can be seen are indicated by white arrowheads. These experiments were repeated independently for 22 transplastomic lines with similar results.