Figure 1:

This figure depicts the structure of what we term Model-based Precision Medicine: The right drugs in the right combinations at the right time for the right patient in order to control a disease trajectory back to a state of health. Model-based Precision Medicine starts with dynamic models as a proxy/surrogate of a real system (i.e. patient), informed by and updated with data streams coming from the patient as well as knowledge acquired from data-driven analyses. These dynamic models can be subjected to methods which allow the control discovery process to be formulated as an optimization problem not feasible/tractable for the real 97 elusive “golden bullet” world system. Subsequently, optimal therapeutic strategies/policies are identified that can incorporate multi-modal agents being adjusted/adapted based on patient trajectories/responses.