Table 3.

Comparison to published studies of verbal fluency gathered by in-person assessment relative to demographically matched subsamples from REGARDS

Animal Naming			Control Group from Study			REGARDS Matched-Sample
Studies			n	M	SD	n	M	SD
Gladsjo et al. (1999)† 55% White,45% African American
Age group 50+ years	Education (years)	0 - 11	-	15.28	3.80	1866	12.8	4.7
		12 – 15	-	18.05	4.81	9423	16.0	5.3
		16+	-	19.35	4.42	6777	19.1	5.9
Tombaugh et al. (1999)
Canadian Sample; 55.6% Female	Age (years)	50 – 59	43	20.10	4.90	3277	19.1	5.9
		60 – 69	92	17.60	4.70	7272	17.5	5.7
		70 – 79	228	16.10	4.00	5243	15.3	5.3
		80 – 89	200	14.30	3.90	1721	13.8	4.9
		90 – 95	24	13.00	3.80	128	12.3	4.6
	Age: 60 – 79 years
	Education (years)	0 – 8	61	14.40	3.40	434	12.6	4.9
		9 – 12	165	16.40	4.30	4197	14.6	5.0
		13 – 21	94	18.20	4.20	7879	17.9	5.5
	Age: 80 – 95 years
	Education (years)	0 – 8	75	13.10	3.80	123	11.1	4.2
		9 – 12	103	13.90	3.40	632	12.4	4.3
		13 – 21	46	16.30	4.30	1093	14.8	5.0
Rankin et al. (2005)
97% White; 57% Female	Age (years)	55 – 80	1738	17.60	4.90	14719	16.9	5.7
Mean Age (SD) = 74.9 (5.0)
Acevedo et al. (2000)
English-speaking	Total Sample	-	316	16.20	4.50	18702	16.8	5.8
74% Female	Age (years)	50 – 59	37	18.40	4.90	3277	19.1	5.9
		60 – 69	107	17.10	4.20	7272	17.5	5.7
		70 – 79	172	15.20	4.30	4874	15.4	5.3
	Education (years)‡	8 – 12	112	15.00	4.30	4981	15.0	5.1
		13 – 16	154	16.30	4.00	7314	17.9	5.5
		17+	5	18.80	5.40	2688	20.0	5.8
	Gender	Male	82	16.20	4.60	6681	17.8	5.7
		Female	234	16.30	4.50	8742	16.7	5.7
Crossley et al. (1997)
Canadian Sample	Age (years)	65 – 74	144	14.20	4.30	6785	16.4	5.5
59% Female		75 – 84	343	14.20	3.80	3368	14.4	5.2
Mean Age (SD) = 78.8 (6.8)		≥ 85	148	12.50	3.80	632	13.0	4.6
Mean Educ. (SD) = 9.4 (4.1)	Education (years)§	0 – 6	149	12.10	3.10	489	12.0	4.7
		7 – 9	169	13.40	3.80	-	-	-
		10 – 12	203	14.10	3.90	3744	13.9	4.9
		≥ 13	113	16.30	4.10	6547	16.8	5.5
	Gender	Male	258	14.20	4.20	5025	16.3	5.6
		Female	377	13.60	3.90	5760	14.9	5.3
Letter “F” Fluency			Control Group from Study			REGARDS Matched-Sample
Studies			n	M	SD	n	M	SD
Canning et al. (2004)
Mean Age (SD) = 70.10 (6.7)			46	15.54	-	15235	10.97	4.6
Mean Education (SD) = 16.0 (2.9)
Diaz et al. (2004)
67% Female			48	10.23	3.69	10109	9.9	4.3
Mean Age = 79.13 Mean Education = 11.33
Brandt & Manning (2009)
60% Female			40	14.8	3.9	6524	10.68	4.60
Mean Age (SD) = 74.57 (5.73)
Mean Education (SD) = 15.65 (2.64)
Ravdin, et al. (2003)
78.5% Female	Age (years)	60 – 69	34	17.29	3.66	7234	11.4	4.6
Mean age (SD) = 74.82 (6.63)		70 – 79	80	15.50	4.1	5768	10.4	4.5
Mean Educ. (SD) = 15.57 (2.67)		80 – 85	35	15.43	4.34	1445	9.9	4.3
Kozora & Cullum (1995)	Age (years)	50 – 59	41	14.05	4.55	2576	12.2	4.6
		60 – 69	43	15.69	5.25	7234	11.4	4.6
		70 – 79	47	15.98	3.91	5768	10.4	4.5
		80 – 89	43	14.21	3.69	2040	9.9	4.3

Note. Mean age and education are provided if comparison sample is not stratified on these variables.

^†Only participants in the 50+ age group are included in this table; n unavailable for stratified groups.

^‡REGARDS education categories: 9–12 years, 13–16 years, 17+ years.

^§REGARDS education categories: 0–8 years, 9–12 years, 13+ years.