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. 2019 Mar 15;9:4620. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40995-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Identification of the metabolites formed from atRA by recombinant CYP26A1, CYP26B1, CYP3A7 and by human fetal livers. Panels A–D show representative chromatograms of metabolite standards (A) and incubations with recombinant CYP26A1 (B) CYP26B1 (C) and CYP3A7 (D). Panels E and F show the metabolite formation in S9 fractions from two representative human fetal livers (hFL). The individual donors are indicated with the sample number (18 and 38 listed in Table 1). The incubations were conducted as described in materials and methods. The m/z transitions of 315 > 253 Da (4-OH-RA and 18-OH-RA; black line), 313 > 269 Da (4-oxo-RA; blue line) and 315 > 241 Da (16-OH-RA; red line) were monitored by LC-MS/MS and the observed peaks are labeled in each panel.