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. 2019 Mar 15;9:4620. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40995-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Quantitative analysis of atRA and testosterone (TST) metabolism in human fetal livers. Formation of 4-OH-RA (A), 4-oxo-RA (C) and the sum of 4-OH-RA and 4-oxo-RA (E) in individual human fetal livers from different gestational ages is shown. The insets list the correlation analysis between gestational age and product formation velocity. Panel D shows the correlation between atRA oxidation and 6βOH-TST formation in individual human fetal livers. Panel E shows the intrinsic clearance of atRA oxidation in the fetal livers (Cl_int,FL) based on whole organ scaling from the S9 fraction data as described in the methods section. The calculated extraction ratio of atRA at different gestational ages is shown in panel F for individual human fetal livers.