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. 2019 Mar 15;10:1225. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08933-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Photo-depolarization of ChR2-expressing PV+ interneurons reduces the duration of seizures. a Schematic of in vitro experiments and sample traces of cell-attached recordings from V1 layer 5 PV+ interneurons in acute brain slices. b Cell-attached recordings showed that most PV+ neurons are able to sustain firing during the 10 s-long light pulse (cells 1 and 2). Some cells (cell 3) show reduced firing towards the end of the light pulse. c In vivo experimental schematic. d ECoG traces showing epileptiform activity before, during and after several rounds of photostimulation of ChR2-expressing PV+ interneurons. Ictal discharges have reduced duration during optogenetic stimulation, but rapidly recover as soon as the light is switched off. e Average duration of individual ictal discharges during the 10 s periods before, during and after light stimulation (n = 7 mice, *p < 0.05, error bars represent s.e.m., one-way repeated measures ANOVA post hoc Bonferroni test). f Average number of ictal events during the 10 s periods before, during and after light stimulation (n = 7 mice, error bars represent s.e.m., one-way repeated measures ANOVA post hoc Bonferroni test). Source data are provided as a Source Data file