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. 2019 Mar 15;9:4619. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40549-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spines eliminated after fear conditioning are apart from each other along dendrites while newly formed spines after fear extinction are located near the site of previously eliminated spines. (A) Schematic of measurement of the distance between eliminated spines after CS-US pairings. The yellow solid circles represent existing spines. The yellow hollow circles represent eliminated spines. The black line represents the measured distance between eliminated spines. (B) Box plot showing the distribution of distance of spine pairs between eliminated spines in the simulation. The green square shows the 25–75th percentile of the distance, the black line shows the 99th percentile and the blue line shows the median. The red circle shows the median of the observed eliminated spine pair distances. The median of the observed data (n = 62) was larger than the median of the simulated data. (C) Cumulative distribution of the distance between eliminated spine pairs after CS-US in the data (observed, red) and between simulated spine pairs (simulation mean over 1000 shuffles, blue line). (D) Schematic of measurement of the distance of spine pairs between eliminated spines after CS-US and new spines after extinction. The yellow solid circles represent existing spines. The yellow hollow circle represents the eliminated spine. The red solid circle represents the newly formed spine. The black line represents the measured distance of spine pairs between the eliminated spine after CS-US and the new spine after extinction. (E) Box plot showing the distribution of the distance of spine pairs between eliminated spines after CS-US and simulated new spines. The green square shows the 25–75th percentile of the distance, the black line shows the 99th percentile and the blue line shows the median. The red circle shows the median of the observed newly formed-eliminated spine pair distances. The median of the observed data (n = 42) was shorter than the median of the simulated data. (F) Cumulative distribution of the distance of spine pairs between eliminated spines after CS-US and newly formed spins after extinction (observed, red) and between eliminated spines after CS-US and simulated new spines (simulation, blue).