Table 1.
Factors associated with increased risk for developing T2DM based on risk scores
| Variables | N = 234 | Low risk (< 7 scores), n = 135 (58%) | Increased risk (≥ 7 scores), n = 99 (42%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median years (IQR) | 44 (36, 52) | 42 (34, 50) | 48 (39, 56) | < 0.001 |
| Age category (years) | ||||
| 18–35 | 57 (24.4) | 45 (33.3) | 12 (12.1) | < 0.001 |
| 36–45 | 73 (32.3) | 49 (36.3) | 24 (24.2) | |
| 46–55 | 66 (28.2) | 29 (21.5) | 37 (37.4) | |
| 56–65 | 33 (14.1) | 9 (6.7) | 24 (24.2) | |
| 66–90 | 5 (2.1) | 3 (2.2) | 2 (2.0) | |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 155 (66.2) | 76 (56.3) | 79 (79.8) | < 0.001 |
| Male | 79 (33.8) | 59 (43.7) | 20 (20.2) | |
| BMI, median (IQR) kg/m2 | 22.4 (19.7, 27.1) | 21.1 (18.6, 22.6) | 27.3 (23.6, 31.0) | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 80 (72, 90) | 76.0 (70.0, 80.0) | 92.0 (83.0, 99.5) | < 0.001 |
| Duration on ART, median months (IQR), n = 233 | 96 (48, 132) | 84 (60, 126) | 96 (48, 138) | 0.221 |
| ART regimen, n = 206 | ||||
| TDF/3TC/EFV | 148 (71.8) | 81 (69.2) | 67 (75.3) | 0.811 |
| TDF/3TC/NVP | 19 (9.2) | 10 (8.5) | 9 (10.1) | |
| TDF/3TC/LPV/r | 15 (7.3) | 9 (7.7) | 6 (6.7) | |
| ABC/3TC/NVP | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
| ABC/3TC/EFV | 5 (2.4) | 3 (2.6) | 2 (2.2) | |
| AZT/3TC/LPV/r | 7 (3.4) | 5 (4.3) | 2 (2.2) | |
| AZT/3TC/NVP | 11 (5.3) | 8 (6.8) | 3 (3.4) | |
| CD4+ absolute count median (IQR) cells/µl, n = 148 | 473 (360, 644) | 435 (306, 599) | 544 (398, 674) | 0.345 |
| HIV RNA viral load (copies/ml), n = 192 | 33 (20, 308) | 31 (20, 273) | 20 (20, 186) | 0.724 |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No | 197 (84.2) | 126 (93.3) | 71 (71.7) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 37 (15.8) | 9 (6.7) | 28 (28.3) | |
| Minutes of weekly vigorous activity | 0 (0, 90) | 0 (0, 120) | 0 (0, 105) | 0.234 |
| Minutes of weekly moderate activity | 60 (9, 123) | 45 (0, 120) | 60 (8, 120) | 0.875 |
| Minutes of weekly walking activity | 60 (30, 120) | 60 (30, 120) | 40 (18, 70) | 0.293 |
| Days of weekly vegetable intake | 7 (7, 7) | 7 (7, 7) | 7 (4, 7) | 0.028 |
| Days of weekly fruit intake | 1 (0, 3) | 1 (0, 3) | 1 (0, 3) | 0.770 |
| Minutes spend sited every weekend | 300 (120, 480) | 300 (120, 375) | 300 (180, 420) | 0.086 |
| Minutes spend sited every weekday | 180 (120, 360) | 180 (90, 303) | 180 (120, 360) | 0.501 |
| Fasting blood sugar | 5.2 (4.7, 5.8) | 5.1 (4.7, 5.5) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.9) | 0.110 |
n number of participants, % percentage, BMI body mass index, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, IQR interquartile range, TDF tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, 3TC lamivudine, EFV efavirenz, NVP nevirapine; LPV/r lopinavir/ritonavir, ABC abacavir, AZT azidothymidine, also called zidovudine
p values less than 0.05 are shown in italic