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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2019 Feb;16(1):82–95. doi: 10.1007/s11904-019-00421-0

Table 1.

Cross-sectional studies included in the comprehensive review of the literature on the association between depression and cognitive function among people living with HIV (PLWH) in the era of effective antiretrovirals (ARVs).

Study PLWH

n
HIV−

n
Country Male (%) Age range or mean/SD On ARVs (%) UDVL (%) Depression

Measure
Relationship between current depression & CI in PLWH
Blackstone (2012)[69] 1574 - US 76 44±8 86 59 BDI-II **
CHARTER

Rubin (2014)[30] 708 278 US 0 44±7 65 51 CES-D ≥16
WIHS

Wright (2008)[46] 658 161 CN, FJ, GN, HH, KK, ID, MY, TH 59 35±9 65 - CES-D ≥16

Becker (2009)[47] 428 207 US 100 50±7 - - CES-D ≥16
MACS

Haddow (2018)[48] 448 - DK, GB, IT 84 46 89 91 PHQ-9 ≥10 *
CIPHER

Yasuf (2017)[70] 418 - NG 22 37±9 100 84 CES-D ≥16 **

Gascón (2018)[49] 412 - BR 68 45±11 100 84 BDI 13-19 ***

Bonnet (2013)[50] 400 - FR 79 42-53 89 85 CES-D≥17; ≥23 ***
ANRS C03 Aquitaine

Starace (2000)[51] 395 - IT 68 35±8 74 - MADRS >19
ICONA

Pinheiro (2016)[52] 392 - BR 45 43±12 89 65 MINI-Plus *

Judd (2016)[71] 296 97 US 42 15-18 86 76 HADS
AALPHI

Bloch (2016)[54] 254 72 AU 99 49±10 92 79 DASS-21>13

Shimizu (2011)[33] 285 - US 84 Y: 35±5
O: 54±5
72 49 BDI *
Hawaii Aging with HIV

Tymchuk(2018)[55] 265 - CA 89 47±10 93 - PHQ-9 ≥10 *

Castellon (2006)[56] 247 - US - 37±8 - - BDI

Richardson (2005)[73] 145 75 US 0 36±8 53 - CES-D ≥16
WIHS

Akolo (2014)[74] 133 77 NG 44 33±7 0 2 BDI ns

Kelly (2014)[58] 106 103 MW 27 18-71 100 - SRQ-20 ≥8 *

Fellows (2014)[32] 186 - US 65 44±7 77 29 PRISM
MHBB

Schouten(2016)[59] 103 74 NL 100 49-62 100 100 BDI 14-28
AGEhIV

Harrison (2017)[79] 103 70 US 69 45±10 100 - HADS

Janssen (2015)[60] 95 55 NL 85 49±10 100 100 HADS
Art-NeCo

Rosenthal (2013)[75] 114 38 US 69 45±8 100 59 BDI >16 ***
NEAD/Oxidative Stress cohort

Ammassari (2004)[61] 135 - IT 64 19-64 100 - MADRS
ICONA

Braganca (2011)[34] 130 - PT 82 18-50 100 100 HAM-D≥10 ***

Bryant (2015)[78] 120 - US 64 45±9 82 71 CES-D **

Lawler (2010)[64] 120 - BW 50 37±6 98 80 PRIME-MD

Cysique (2011)[76] 116 - AU 100 49±9 100 51 DASS ns

Simioni (2010)[66] 100 - CH 72 47±9 100 100 HAD-D≥10 **

ns=not significant

*

p<0.05

**

p<0.01

***

p<0.001

p=0.06 except Wright et al. p=0.11.

Country Codes: AU=Australia, BR=Brazil, BW=Botswana, CA=Canada, CH=Switzerland, CN=China, DK=Denmark, FJ=Fiji, FR=France, GB=Great Brittan, GN=Guinea, ID=Indonesia, IT=Italy, KH=Cambodia, MW=Malawi, MY=Malaysia, NG=Nigeria, NL=Netherlands, PT=Portugal, TH=Thailand, US=United States

Depression Measures: BDI=Beck Depression Inventory, CES-D=Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression, CIDI=Composite International Diagnostic Interview, DASS=Depression, anxiety, stress scale, e-M.I.N.I=Electronic Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, HADS=Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale, HAM-D=Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, MADRS=Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale, MINI-Plus=MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, PRIME-MD= Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders, mood module, PRISM=Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders, SCID=Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; SRQ-20=self-reporting questionnaire

Study Cohorts: AALPHI= Adolescents and Adults Living with Perinatal HIV Cohort, ANRS=French Agency of AIDS and Hepatitis Research, Art-NeCo=NeuroCognition in HIV-infected Patients on long term effective combination antiretroviral therapy; CHARTER=CNS HIV Anti-Retroviral Therapy Effects Research cohort, CIPHER=Cognitive Impairment in People with HIV in the European Region, ICONA=Italian Cohort Naïve Antiretrovirals research programme, MACS=Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study; MHBB=Manhattan HIV Brain Bank; NEAD=Northeast AIDS Dementia Cohort; WIHS=Women’s Interagency HIV Study

Other: SD=standard deviation, UD VL=undetectable HIV RNA, CI=cognitive impairment

studies excluded individuals either endorsing severe depression via questionnaire (e.g., BDI >19)(Gascón et al.), meeting criteria for major depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Simioni et al.), or had a self-reported history of severe affective disorders (Rosenthal et al.)

Significant association in younger group only.