Table 1.
Study | PLWH n |
HIV− n |
Country | Male (%) | Age range or mean/SD | On ARVs (%) | UDVL (%) | Depression Measure |
Relationship between current depression & CI in PLWH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blackstone (2012)[69] | 1574 | - | US | 76 | 44±8 | 86 | 59 | BDI-II | ** |
CHARTER | |||||||||
Rubin (2014)[30] | 708 | 278 | US | 0 | 44±7 | 65 | 51 | CES-D ≥16 | |
WIHS | |||||||||
Wright (2008)[46] | 658 | 161 | CN, FJ, GN, HH, KK, ID, MY, TH | 59 | 35±9 | 65 | - | CES-D ≥16 | ⊺ |
Becker (2009)[47] | 428 | 207 | US | 100 | 50±7 | - | - | CES-D ≥16 | |
MACS | |||||||||
Haddow (2018)[48] | 448 | - | DK, GB, IT | 84 | 46 | 89 | 91 | PHQ-9 ≥10 | * |
CIPHER | |||||||||
Yasuf (2017)[70] | 418 | - | NG | 22 | 37±9 | 100 | 84 | CES-D ≥16 | ** |
Gascón (2018)[49]† | 412 | - | BR | 68 | 45±11 | 100 | 84 | BDI 13-19 | *** |
Bonnet (2013)[50] | 400 | - | FR | 79 | 42-53 | 89 | 85 | CES-D≥17♀; ≥23♂ | *** |
ANRS C03 Aquitaine | |||||||||
Starace (2000)[51] | 395 | - | IT | 68 | 35±8 | 74 | - | MADRS >19 | |
ICONA | |||||||||
Pinheiro (2016)[52] | 392 | - | BR | 45 | 43±12 | 89 | 65 | MINI-Plus | * |
Judd (2016)[71] | 296 | 97 | US | 42 | 15-18 | 86 | 76 | HADS | |
AALPHI | |||||||||
Bloch (2016)[54] | 254 | 72 | AU | 99 | 49±10 | 92 | 79 | DASS-21>13 | ⊺ |
Shimizu (2011)[33]†‖ | 285 | - | US | 84 | Y: 35±5 O: 54±5 |
72 | 49 | BDI | * |
Hawaii Aging with HIV | |||||||||
Tymchuk(2018)[55] | 265 | - | CA | 89 | 47±10 | 93 | - | PHQ-9 ≥10 | * |
Castellon (2006)[56] | 247 | - | US | - | 37±8 | - | - | BDI | |
Richardson (2005)[73] | 145 | 75 | US | 0 | 36±8 | 53 | - | CES-D ≥16 | |
WIHS | |||||||||
Akolo (2014)[74] | 133 | 77 | NG | 44 | 33±7 | 0 | 2 | BDI | ns |
Kelly (2014)[58] | 106 | 103 | MW | 27 | 18-71 | 100 | - | SRQ-20 ≥8 | * |
Fellows (2014)[32] | 186 | - | US | 65 | 44±7 | 77 | 29 | PRISM | |
MHBB | |||||||||
Schouten(2016)[59]† | 103 | 74 | NL | 100 | 49-62 | 100 | 100 | BDI 14-28 | ⊺ |
AGEhIV | |||||||||
Harrison (2017)[79]† | 103 | 70 | US | 69 | 45±10 | 100 | - | HADS | |
Janssen (2015)[60] | 95 | 55 | NL | 85 | 49±10 | 100 | 100 | HADS | |
Art-NeCo | |||||||||
Rosenthal (2013)[75] † | 114 | 38 | US | 69 | 45±8 | 100 | 59 | BDI >16 | *** |
NEAD/Oxidative Stress cohort | |||||||||
Ammassari (2004)[61] | 135 | - | IT | 64 | 19-64 | 100 | - | MADRS | |
ICONA | |||||||||
Braganca (2011)[34] | 130 | - | PT | 82 | 18-50 | 100 | 100 | HAM-D≥10 | *** |
Bryant (2015)[78] | 120 | - | US | 64 | 45±9 | 82 | 71 | CES-D | ** |
Lawler (2010)[64] | 120 | - | BW | 50 | 37±6 | 98 | 80 | PRIME-MD | |
Cysique (2011)[76] † | 116 | - | AU | 100 | 49±9 | 100 | 51 | DASS | ns |
Simioni (2010)[66]† | 100 | - | CH | 72 | 47±9 | 100 | 100 | HAD-D≥10 | ** |
ns=not significant
p<0.05
p<0.01
p<0.001
p=0.06 except Wright et al. p=0.11.
Country Codes: AU=Australia, BR=Brazil, BW=Botswana, CA=Canada, CH=Switzerland, CN=China, DK=Denmark, FJ=Fiji, FR=France, GB=Great Brittan, GN=Guinea, ID=Indonesia, IT=Italy, KH=Cambodia, MW=Malawi, MY=Malaysia, NG=Nigeria, NL=Netherlands, PT=Portugal, TH=Thailand, US=United States
Depression Measures: BDI=Beck Depression Inventory, CES-D=Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression, CIDI=Composite International Diagnostic Interview, DASS=Depression, anxiety, stress scale, e-M.I.N.I=Electronic Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, HADS=Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale, HAM-D=Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, MADRS=Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale, MINI-Plus=MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, PRIME-MD= Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders, mood module, PRISM=Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders, SCID=Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; SRQ-20=self-reporting questionnaire
Study Cohorts: AALPHI= Adolescents and Adults Living with Perinatal HIV Cohort, ANRS=French Agency of AIDS and Hepatitis Research, Art-NeCo=NeuroCognition in HIV-infected Patients on long term effective combination antiretroviral therapy; CHARTER=CNS HIV Anti-Retroviral Therapy Effects Research cohort, CIPHER=Cognitive Impairment in People with HIV in the European Region, ICONA=Italian Cohort Naïve Antiretrovirals research programme, MACS=Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study; MHBB=Manhattan HIV Brain Bank; NEAD=Northeast AIDS Dementia Cohort; WIHS=Women’s Interagency HIV Study
Other: SD=standard deviation, UD VL=undetectable HIV RNA, CI=cognitive impairment
studies excluded individuals either endorsing severe depression via questionnaire (e.g., BDI >19)(Gascón et al.), meeting criteria for major depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Simioni et al.), or had a self-reported history of severe affective disorders (Rosenthal et al.)
Significant association in younger group only.