Table 2.
Regression results for 90-d operative mortality for CABG beneficiaries (2008–2014)
| Variable | Main model |
|---|---|
| Beneficiary characteristics | |
| Charlson score | 0.01*** (0.00) |
| Sex (0 = Male, 1 = Female) | 0.02*** (0.00) |
| White (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 0.00 (0.01) |
| Black (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 0.00 (0.01) |
| Age | 0.00*** (0.00) |
| Lives in a rural area | 0.00 (0.01) |
| % living below federal poverty line (mean) | 0.00† (0.00) |
| % with a bachelor’s degree (mean) | −0.00*** (0.00) |
| Health system characteristics | |
| Total CABG beneficiaries | −0.00*** (0.00) |
| Total physicians caring for CABG (mean) | 0.00*** (0.00) |
| Proportion of cross-specialty ties | −0.07*** (0.02) |
| Proportion of beneficiaries from outside the CBSA | 0.00 (0.01) |
| Academic hospital (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Government hospital (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| For-profit hospital (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 0.01* (0.00) |
| Electronic health records (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | −0.01 (0.01) |
| Pioneer ACO (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 0.00 (0.01) |
| Community characteristics | |
| Total resident population (log) | 0.01 (0.00) |
| Total black population (log) | −0.00* (0.00) |
| Total Hispanic population (log) | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Acute care hospital beds per 1,000 residents | 0.01* (0.00) |
| PCPs per 100,000 residents | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Medical specialists per 100,000 residents | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Surgeons per 100,000 residents | −0.00 (0.00) |
| ACO membership and informal clinical integration | |
| Joined ACO (0 = No, 1 = Yes) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| Health system integration | −0.20*** (0.04) |
| Joined ACO * integration | −0.25* (0.10) |
| Constant | −0.24*** (0.03) |
| Year fixed effects | Yes |
| Observations | 53,239 |
| R2 | 0.03 |
Standard errors (clustered by health system) in parentheses. ACO: accountable care organization; CBSA: core-based statistical area; PCP: primary care physician
†
< 0.1
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001