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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Diabetologia. 2019 Jan 15;62(4):598–610. doi: 10.1007/s00125-018-4809-6

Table 2.

Associations of continuous measures of maternal glucose and HbA1c during pregnancy with dichotomous adiposity outcomes among children at follow-up
Predictor Model 1a Model 2b Model 3c Model 4d
OR (95%
CI)		 p value C statistic OR (95% CI) p value C statistic OR (95% CI) p value C
statistic		 OR (95% CI) p value C statistic
IOTF overweight/obese
 Fasting glucose 1.27 (1.19, 1.36) <0.001*** 0.64 1.26 (1.18, 1.35) <0.001*** 0.67 1.22 (1.13, 1.31) <0.001*** 0.70 1.05 (0.98, 1.14) 0.19 0.74
 1 h glucose 1.22 (1.14, 1.30) <0.001*** 0.64 1.21 (1.13, 1.29) <0.001*** 0.67 1.18 (1.10, 1.27) <0.001*** 0.69 1.11 (1.03, 1.19) 0.006** 0.74
 2 h glucose 1.17 (1.10, 1.25) <0.001*** 0.64 1.18 (1.10, 1.26) <0.001*** 0.67 1.15 (1.07, 1.23) <0.001*** 0.69 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) 0.019* 0.74
 HbA1c 1.23 (1.15, 1.33) <0.001*** 0.64 1.25 (1.16, 1.35) <0.001*** 0.67 1.24 (1.15, 1.34) <0.001*** 0.69 1.12 (1.04, 1.22) 0.004** 0.74
IOTF obesity
 Fasting glucose 1.40 (1.28, 1.54) <0.001*** 0.69 1.40 (1.27, 1.53) <0.001*** 0.71 1.34 (1.21, 1.48) <0.001*** 0.74 1.16 (1.05, 1.29) 0.005** 0.77
 1 h glucose 1.24 (1.13, 1.36) <0.001*** 0.68 1.23 (1.12, 1.35) <0.001** 0.70 1.20 (1.08, 1.32) <0.001*** 0.73 1.13 (1.01, 1.25) 0.025* 0.77
 2 h glucose 1.28 (1.17, 1.40) <0.001*** 0.68 1.29 (1.18, 1.41) <0.001*** 0.71 1.25 (1.14, 1.38) <0.001*** 0.71 1.21 (1.09, 1.34) <0.001*** 0.78
 HbA1c 1.37 (1.23, 1.52) <0.001*** 0.69 1.37 (1.23, 1.52) <0.001*** 0.71 1.36 (1.22, 1.52) <0.001*** 0.74 1.21 (1.08, 1.35) <0.001*** 0.77
BOD POD % fat >85th percentilee
 Fasting glucose 1.35 (1.25, 1.47) <0.001*** 0.54 1.34 (1.24, 1.46) <0.001*** 0.62 1.29 (1.18, 1.41) <0.001*** 0.65 1.15 (1.05, 1.26) 0.002** 0.68
 1 h glucose 1.27 (1.17, 1.38) <0.001*** 0.55 1.25 (1.15, 1.36) <0.001*** 0.62 1.23 (1.13, 1.34) <0.001*** 0.65 1.18 (1.08, 1.29) <0.001*** 0.69
 2 h glucose 1.20 (1.10, 1.29) <0.001*** 0.54 1.20 (1.11, 1.30) <0.001*** 0.61 1.19 (1.09, 1.29) <0.001*** 0.64 1.15 (1.06, 1.26) 0.001** 0.69
 HbA1c 1.25 (1.14, 1.36) <0.001*** 0.52 1.25 (1.14, 1.37) <0.001*** 0.61 1.23 (1.12, 1.35) <0.001*** 0.64 1.14 (1.03, 1.25) 0.009** 0.68
Waist circumference > 85th percentilee
 Fasting glucose 1.34 (1.23, 1.45) <0.001*** 0.54 1.31 (1.21, 1.42) <0.001*** 0.61 1.25 (1.14, 1.36) <0.001*** 0.65 1.09 (0.99, 1.19) 0.067 0.69
 1 h glucose 1.22 (1.13, 1.32) <0.001*** 0.55 1.22 (1.12, 1.32) <0.001*** 0.60 1.21 (1.11, 1.32) <0.001*** 0.64 1.15 (1.05, 1.26) 0.002** 0.69
 2 h glucose 1.20 (1.10, 1.29) <0.001*** 0.53 1.21 (1.12, 1.31) <0.001*** 0.60 1.20 (1.11, 1.31) <0.001*** 0.64 1.17 (1.07, 1.27) 0.003** 0.69
 HbA1c 1.23 (1.13, 1.34) <0.001*** 0.52 1.27 (1.16, 1.38) <0.001*** 0.60 1.26 (1.15, 1.38) <0.001*** 0.65 1.15 (1.05, 1.27) 0.004** 0.69
Sum of skinfolds > 85th percentilee
 Fasting glucose 1.36 (1.25, 1.47) <0.001*** 0.54 1.34 (1.23, 1.45) <0.001*** 0.61 1.30 (1.19, 1.41) <0.001*** 0.64 1.16 (1.06, 1.27) 0.001** 0.67
 1 h glucose 1.25 (1.16, 1.36) <0.001*** 0.55 1.26 (1.16, 1.37) <0.001*** 0.60 1.24 (1.14, 1.35) <0.001*** 0.64 1.19 (1.09, 1.30) <0.001*** 0.68
 2 h glucose 1.23 (1.14, 1.33) <0.001*** 0.54 1.25 (1.15, 1.36) <0.001*** 0.60 1.24 (1.14, 1.35) <0.001*** 0.63 1.21 (1.11, 1.31) <0.001*** 0.68
 HbA1c 1.25 (1.15, 1.37) <0.001*** 0.52 1.26 (1.15, 1.38) <0.001*** 0.59 1.24 (1.13, 1.36) <0.001*** 0.63 1.15 (1.05, 1.26) 0.004** 0.67

ORs for the dichotomous outcomes are for the continuous predictors higher by one SD estimated in the original HAPO data: fasting glucose 0.4 mmol/l; 1 h glucose 1.7 mmol/l; 2 h glucose 1.3 mmol/l; HbA1c 5.0 mmol/mol (0.45%).

P values are from logistic regression model

*

p<0.05

**

p<0.01

***

p<0.001

a

Model 1: adjusted for field centre for being overweight/obese and obesity outcomes; unadjusted for BOD POD % fat, waist circumference and sum of skinfolds >85th percentile outcomes

b

Model 2: Model 1 + child pubertal status (Tanner stage 1, 2/3, 4/5, sex × Tanner stage interaction)

c

Model 3: Model 2 + maternal variables during pregnancy OGTT (age, height, any family history of diabetes, mean arterial pressure, parity [0, 1+], smoking [yes/no], alcohol [yes/no], gestational age)

d

Model 4: Model 3 + maternal BMI during pregnancy

e

85th percentiles were determined using quantile regression adjusted for age, sex and field centre