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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Diabetologia. 2019 Jan 15;62(4):598–610. doi: 10.1007/s00125-018-4809-6

Table 3.

Associations of continuous measures of maternal glucose and HbA1c during pregnancy with continuous adiposity outcomes among children at follow-up
Predictor Model 1a Model 2b Model 3c Model 4d
β (95% CI) p value Adjusted
R2 		β (95% CI) p value Adjusted R2 β (95%
CI)		 p value Adjusted
R2 		β (95% CI) p value Adjusted
R2
BMI z score
 Fasting glucose 0.14 (0.10, 0.18) <0.001*** 0.07 0.13 (0.09, 0.16) <0.001*** 0.13 0.10 (0.06, 0.14) <0.001*** 0.15 −0.001 (−0.04, 0.04) 0.96 0.22
 1 h glucose 0.10 (0.06,0.14) <0.001*** 0.07 0.09 (0.06, 0.12) <0.001*** 0.14 0.07 (0.03, 0.10) <0.001*** 0.14 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.26 0.22
 2 h glucose 0.08(0.04,0.11) <0.001*** 0.07 0.08 (0.04, 0.11) <0.001*** 0.12 0.05 (0.02, 0.09) 0.003** 0.14 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) 0.38 0.22
 HbA1c 0.13 (0.09, 0.16) <0.001*** 0.07 0.14(0.10, 0.18) <0.001*** 0.21) 0.13 (0.09, 0.16) <0.001*** 0.22 0.06 (0.02,0.10) 0.001** 0.29
BOD POD % fat
 Fasting glucose 1.35 (1.04, 1.66) <0.001*** 0.08 1.29 (0.99, 1.59) <0.001*** 0.13 1.09 (0.78, 1.40) <0.001*** 0.14 0.46 (0.14,0.77) 0.004** 0.18
 1 h glucose 1.11 (0.81, 1.41) <0.001*** 0.08 1.05 (0.75, 1.34) <0.001*** 0.12 0.93 (0.63, 1.24) <0.001*** 0.14 0.62 (0.32, 0.92) <0.001*** 0.18
 2 h glucose 0.87(0.57, 1.17) <0.001*** 0.08 0.86 (0.57, 1.16) <0.001*** 0.12 0.75 (0.45, 1.05) <0.001*** 0.14 0.50 (0.20, 0.80) <0.001*** 0.18
 HbA1c 0.66 (0.34, 0.99) <0.001*** 0.08 0.81 (0.49, 1.13) <0.001*** 0.19 0.68 (0.36, 1.01) <0.001*** 0.21 0.25 (−0.07, 0.58) 0.13 0.25
Waist circumference, cm
 Fasting glucose 1.50 (1.15, 1.85) <0.001*** 0.10 1.35 (1.02, 1.67) <0.001*** 0.21 1.09 (0.75, 1.43) <0.001*** 0.22 0.24 (−0.09, 0.28) 0.16 0.28
 1 h glucose 1.07(0.73, 1.41) <0.001*** 0.09 0.99 (0.68, 1.31) <0.001*** 0.20 0.86 (0.53, 1.19) <0.001*** 0.22 0.45 (0.13,0.76) 0.006** 0.28
 2 h glucose 0.98 (0.64, 1.32) <0.001*** 0.09 0.91 (0.59, 1.22) <0.001*** 0.20 0.78 (0.46, 1.11) <0.001*** 0.22 0.46 (0.14,0.77) 0.005** 0.28
 HbA1c 0.51 (0.15, 0.88) 0.005** 0.09 1.07 (0.73, 1.41) <0.001*** 0.28 0.96 (0.61, 1.31) <0.001*** 0.30 0.39(0.05,0.74) 0.025* 0.35
Sum of skinfolds, mm
 Fasting glucose 2.71 (2.05, 3.35) <0.001*** 0.05 2.70 (2.06, 3.34) <0.001*** 0.09 2.32(1.67, 2.99) <0.001*** 0.10 0.98 (0.31, 1.65) 0.004** 0.14
 1 h glucose 1.89(1.26, 2.52) <0.001*** 0.04 1.91 (1.29, 2.53) <0.001*** 0.08 1.62 (0.97, 2.26) <0.001*** 0.10 0.95 (0.31, 1.58) 0.003** 0.15
 2 h glucose 1.66(1.03,2.29) <0.001*** 0.04 1.76(1.14, 2.38) <0.001*** 0.08 1.48(0.84, 2.13) <0.001*** 0.10 0.95 (0.32, 1.58) 0.003** 0.15
 HbA1c 1.61 (0.94, 2.29) <0.001*** 0.04 1.96(1.29, 2.64) <0.001*** 0.17 1.74(1.04, 2.43) <0.001*** 0.18 0.83 (0.14, 1.51) 0.018* 0.22

β estimates represent change in each continuous outcome for the continuous predictors higher by one SD estimated in the original HAPO data: fasting glucose 0.4 mmol/l; 1 h glucose 1.7 mmol/l; 2 h glucose 1.3 mmol/l; HbA1c 5.0 mmol/mol (0.45%)

p values are from linear regression model;

*

p<0.05

**

p<0.01 and

***

p<0.001

a

Model 1: adjusted for field centre for being overweight/obese and obesity outcomes; unadjusted for BOD POD % fat, waist circumference and sum of skinfolds >85th percentile outcomes

b

Model 2: Model 1 + child pubertal status (Tanner stage 1, 2/3, 4/5, sex × Tanner stage interaction)

c

Model 3: Model 2 + maternal variables during pregnancy OGTT (age, height, any family history of diabetes, mean arterial pressure, parity [0, 1+], smoking [yes/no], alcohol [yes/no], gestational age)

d

Model 4: Model 3 + maternal BMI during pregnancy