Table 4.

Sex-specific fully adjusted associations of continuous measures of maternal glucose and HbA_1c during pregnancy with dichotomous adiposity outcomes among children at follow-up

Predictor	Boys			Girls			Interaction term p valuec
	OR (95% CI)	p valuea	C statistic	OR (95% CI)	p valueb	C statistic
IOTF overweight/obese
Fasting glucose	1.05 (0.96, 1.17)	0.33	0.73	1.04 (0.93, 1.16)	0.48	0.76	0.82
1 h glucose	1.10 (1.00, 1.22)	0.06	0.73	1.10 (0.99, 1.23)	0.08	0.76	0.98
2 h glucose	1.14 (1.03, 1.26)	0.01*	0.73	1.03 (0.93, 1.15)	0.55	0.76	0.12
HbA1c	1.10 (0.99, 1.23)	0.07	0.73	1.14 (1.02, 1.27)	0.03*	0.76	0.74
IOTF obesity
Fasting glucose	1.07 (0.93, 1.24)	0.34	0.76	1.26 (1.08, 1.47)	0.003**	0.81	0.03*
1 h glucose	1.14 (0.99, 1.32)	0.06	0.76	1.12 (0.96, 1.30)	0.16	0.80	0.66
2 h glucose	1.31 (1.14, 1.50)	<0.001***	0.77	1.14 (0.98, 1.32)	0.10	0.80	0.08
HbA1c	1.21 (1.04, 1.42)	0.02*	0.77	1.18 (0.99, 1.40)	0.62	0.80	0.98
BOD % fat >85th percentiled
Fasting glucose	1.12 (0.99, 1.28)	0.07	0.66	1.18 (1.03, 1.34)	0.01*	0.72	0.36
1 h glucose	1.18 (1.05, 1.33)	0.01*	0.67	1.19 (1.05, 1.36)	0.01*	0.72	0.77
2 h glucose	1.23 (1.09-1.39)	<0.001***	0.67	1.08 (0.95, 1.22)	0.24	0.72	0.04*
HbA1c	1.22 (1.07, 1.39)	0.003**	0.67	1.03 (0.90, 1.19)	0.63	0.71	0.12
Waist circumference >85th percentiled
Fasting glucose	1.08 (0.95, 1.22)	0.25	0.65	1.11 (0.97, 1.27)	0.13	0.73	0.39
1 h glucose	1.12 (0.99, 1.27)	0.06	0.66	1.20 (1.05, 1.36)	0.01*	0.74	0.79
2 h glucose	1.20 (1.06, 1.35)	0.003**	0.66	1.14 (1.00, 1.29)	0.04*	0.73	0.29
HbA1c	1.21 (1.06, 1.37)	0.005**	0.66	1.08 (0.94, 1.25)	0.27	0.73	0.24
Sum of skinfolds >85th percentiled
Fasting glucose	1.07 (0.95, 1.22)	0.27	0.65	1.26 (1.11, 1.43)	<0.001***	0.70	0.07
1 h glucose	1.14 (1.01, 1.29)	0.03*	0.65	1.26 (1.11, 1.43)	<0.001***	0.70	0.41
2 h glucose	1.19 (1.06, 1.35)	0.004**	0.66	1.23 (1.09, 1.39)	0.001**	0.70	0.96
HbA1c	1.19 (1.04, 1.35)	0.009**	0.65	1.10 (0.96, 1.27)	0.17	0.69	0.63

ORs for the dichotomous outcomes are for the continuous predictors higher by one SD estimated in the original HAPO data: fasting glucose 0.4 mmol/l; 1 h glucose 1.7 mmol/l; 2 h glucose 1.3 mmol/l; HbA_1c 5.0 mmol/mol (0.45%). Models are adjusted for field centre for being overweight/obesity and IOTF obesity outcomes, child pubertal status (Tanner Stage 1, 2/3, 4/5), maternal variables during pregnancy OGTT (age, height, any family history of diabetes, mean arterial pressure, parity [0, 1+], smoking [yes/no], alcohol [yes/no], gestational age, maternal BMI during pregnancy

^ap value from regression model for boys only

^*p<0.05

^**p<0.01, and

^***p<0.001

^bp value from regression model for girls only

^*p<0.05 and

^**p<0.01

^cp value for sex × maternal predictor interaction term from regression model including boys and girls

^*p<0.05 and

^**p<0.01

^d85th percentiles were determined using quantile regression adjusted for age, sex, and field centre