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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Diabetologia. 2019 Jan 15;62(4):598–610. doi: 10.1007/s00125-018-4809-6

Table 5.

Sex-specific fully adjusted associations of continuous measures of maternal glucose and HbA1c during pregnancy with continuous adiposity outcomes among children at follow-up
Predictor Boys Girls Interaction term p valuec
β (95% CI) p valuea Adjusted R2 β (95% CI) p valueb Adjusted R2
BMI z score
 Fasting glucose −0.005 (−0.06, 0.05) 0.84 0.17 0.007 (−0.04, 0.06) 0.77 0.31 0.92
 1 h glucose 0.02 (−0.03 0.07) 0.46 0.17 0.01 (−0.03, 0.06) 0.56 0.31 0.46
 2 h glucose 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) 0.45 0.17 0.02 (−0.03, 0.06) 0.44 0.31 0.35
 HbA1c 0.03 (−0.02, 0.09) 0.22 0.23 0.04 (−0.009, 0.09) 0.10 0.37 0.61
BOD POD % fat
 Fasting glucose 0.37 (−0.10, 0.83) 0.12 0.16 0.53 (0.11, 0.94) 0.01* 0.23 0.51
 1 h glucose 0.73 (0.29, 1.17) 0.001** 0.16 0.49 (0.09, 0.89) 0.02* 0.23 0.08
 2 h glucose 0.69 (0.25, 1.14) 0.002** 0.16 0.31 (−0.09, 0.70) 0.13 0.23 0.005**
 HbA1c 0.33 (−0.15, 0.80) 0.18 0.23 0.15 (−0.28, 0.59) 0.49 0.29 0.52
Waist circumference, cm
 Fasting glucose 0.12 (−0.37, 0.60) 0.63 0.22 0.35 (−0.10, 0.81) 0.13 0.35 0.85
 1 h glucose 0.43 (−0.03 0.89) 0.07 0.23 0.44 (0.0002, 0.87) 0.05 0.35 0.28
 2 h glucose 0.51 (0.04, 0.97) 0.03* 0.23 0.39 (−0.04, 0.82) 0.07 0.35 0.11
 HbA1c 0.41 (−0.08, 0.90) 0.10 0.30 0.37 (−0.10, 0.85) 0.13 0.41 0.79
Sum of skinfolds, mm
 Fasting glucose 0.60 (−0.39, 1.59) 0.24 0.12 1.36 (0.48, 2.24) 0.002** 0.18 0.53
 1 h glucose 0.89 (−0.05, 1.83) 0.06 0.12 0.97 (0.13, 1.81) 0.02* 0.18 0.34
 2 h glucose 0.98 (0.03, 1.93) 0.04* 0.12 0.92 (0.09, 1.76) 0.03* 0.18 0.14
 HbA1c 1.09 (0.09, 2.10) 0.03* 0.20 0.51 (−0.42, 1.43) 0.28 0.25 0.42

β estimates represent change in each continuous outcome for the continuous predictors higher by one SD estimated in the original HAPO data: fasting glucose 0.4 mmol/l; 1 h glucose 1.7 mmol/l; 2 h glucose 1.3 mmol/l; HbA1c 5.0 mmol/mol (0.4%). Models are adjusted for field centre, child pubertal status (Tanner stage 1, 2/3, 4/5), maternal variables during pregnancy OGTT (age, height, any family history of diabetes, mean arterial pressure, parity [0, 1+], smoking [yes/no], alcohol [yes/no], gestational age, maternal BMI during pregnancy)

a

p value from regression model for boys only

*

p<0.05 and

**

p<0.01

b

p value from regression model for girls only

*

p<0.05 and

**

p<0.01

c

p value for sex × maternal predictor interaction term from regression model including boys and girls

**

p<0.01