Table 2.

SCFAs transporters and receptors.

	Ligands	Tissue or cell expression	Species	References
TRANSPORTERS
MCT1	Butyrate, lactate, pyruvate	Distal colon> proximal colon>ileum>jejunum	H	(53)
		Transverse colon>ascending and descending colon>sigmoid colon	H	(54)
		Cecum>colon>stomach and small intestine	M, R	(55, 56)
		Monocytes, granulocytes and, lymphocytes	H	(57, 58)
		Peritoneal macrophages	M	(59)
SMCT1	Butyrate > propionate > lactate >> acetate	From terminal ileum to distal colon	M	(55)
		Distal colon>proximal colon and ileum	H, M	(60)
G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS
GPR41	Propionate = pentanoate = butyrate>acetate>formate	Adipose tissue > PBMCs, pancreas, spleen, and placenta	H	(22)
		Monocytes, neutrophils and, monocyte-derived DCs	H	(61, 62)
GPR43	Acetate = propionate = butyrate>pentanoate> hexanoate>formate	Intestinal epithelium	M, H	(6)
		Monocytes, neutrophils and PBMCs and B/T-lymphocytes	H	(22, 61, 63)
		Treg (colon > spleen and MLN) and colonic myeloid cells	H	(64)
GPR109A	D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, butyrate and nicotinic acid	Adipose tissue (>lung, adrenal gland, and spleen)	H, M	(65)
		Colon (> ileum, jejunum, and duodenum)	H, M	(66)
		Monocytes, monocyte-derived DCs, DCs (blood, splenic and colonic), macrophages (splenic and colonic), and BMDM	H, M	(62, 67, 68)

PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; DCs, dendritic cells; BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophages; H, human; M, mouse; R, rat.

Main SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) are highlighted in bold font.