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. 2018 Nov 22;26(4):560–568. doi: 10.1177/1933719118804424

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

The protective effect of metformin is related to the Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Protein kinase B (AKT) and Extracellular regulated protein kinases1/2 pathways. A, Western blot results of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), pro-caspase-12, cleaved caspase-12, and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in the different groups. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) was used as the loading control and for band density normalization. B, Quantification of protein expression. **P < 0.01 versus sham group, # P < 0.05 versus control group, ## P < 0.01 versus control group. C, Western blot results of phosphorylated-protein kinase B (p-AKT), protein kinase B (AKT), phosphorylated-extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK), and extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) in different groups. D, Quantification of protein expression. **P < 0.01 versus sham group, # P < 0.05 versus control group, ## P < 0.01 versus control group.