Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for 292 T1D patients, comparisons between depressed and non-depressed, antidepressant users and non-users
| All | Depression (HADS-D ≥ 8p) | Antidepressants | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | |||||
| N = 292 a | N = 30 | N = 262 | P b | N = 23 | N = 269 | P b | ||
| Gender | Men | 162 (55) | 16 (53) | 146 (56) | 0.85 | 11 (48) | 151 (56) | 0.51 |
| Women | 130 (45) | 14 (47) | 116 (44) | 12 (52) | 118 (44) | |||
| Age (years) | (18–59) | 48 (38, 53) | 42 (31, 50) | 0.069 c | 49 (34, 54) | 42 (31, 50) | 0.050 c | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | (1–55) | 21 (11, 34) | 20 (11, 29) | 0.49 c | 22 (13, 35) | 20 (10, 30) | 0.19 c | |
| Depression (HADS-D ≥ 8p) | 30 (10) | – | – | – | 10 (44) | 20 (7) | < 0.001 | |
| High HbA1c (> 70 mmol/mol) | 80 (27) | 14 (47) | 66 (25) | 0.017 | 11 (48) | 69 (26) | 0.029 | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | (2.1–10.9) | 4.4 (4.1, 4.9) | 4.6 (4.1, 5.2) | 0.105 c | 4.4 (4.0, 5.2) | 4.6 (4.1, 5.2) | 0.50 c | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | (0.6–5.9) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.28 c | 1.0 (0.7, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.43 c | |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | (0.3–2.7) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) | 1.6 (1.3, 1.8) | 0.011 c | 1.4 (1.3, 1.8) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.8) | 0.72 c | |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | (0.6–8.3) | 2.8 (2.3, 3.2) | 2.8 (2.4–3.3) | 0.55 c | 2.7 (2.1, 3.3) | 2.8 (2.4, 3.3) | 0.34 c | |
| Hs-CRP d (mg/l) | (0.3–8.9) | 0.9 (0.3, 1.3) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.7) | 0.53 c | 0.9 (0.3, 2.8) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) | 0.70 c | |
| Abdominal obesity e | 49 (17) | 6 (21) | 43 (17) | 0.60 | 8 (35) | 41 (16) | 0.037 | |
| BMI classes f (kg/m2) | (≥30) | 35 (12) | 5 (17) | 30 (12) | 0.67 g | 5 (22) | 30 (11) | 0.18 g |
| (25 to < 30) | 104 (36) | 6 (20) | 98 (38) | 8 (35) | 96 (36) | |||
| (18.5 to < 25) | 147 (51) | 19 (63) | 128 (49) | 10 (43) | 137 (51) | |||
| (< 18.5) | 4 (1) | 0 | 4 (1) | 0 | 4 (2) | |||
| SBP (mm Hg) | (90–160) | 120 (114, 135) | 120 (110, 130) | 0.93 c | 120 (115, 130) | 120 (110, 130) | 0.95 c | |
| DBP (mm Hg) | (55–100) | 70 (69, 78) | 70 (70, 75) | 0.78 c | 75 (70, 80) | 70 (68, 75) | 0.069 c | |
| Hypoglycemia (severe episodes) | 13 (4) | 2 (7) | 11 (4) | 0.63 | 0 | 13 (5) | 0.61 | |
| Smoking h | 28 (10) | 5 (17) | 23 (9) | 0.19 | 1 (4) | 27 (11) | 0.71 | |
| Physical inactivity i (< 0.5 h/week) | 31 (11) | 5 (17) | 26 (11) | 0.35 | 4 (17) | 27 (11) | 0.31 | |
| Physical activity i | > 5 times/week | 99 (36) | 12 (41) | 87 (35) | 0.95 g | 8 (35) | 91 (36) | 0.52 g |
| 3–5 times/week | 86 (31) | 8 (28) | 78 (32) | 9 (39) | 77 (30) | |||
| 1–2 times/week | 59 (22) | 4 (14) | 55 (22) | 2 (8) | 57 (23) | |||
| < 1 time/week | 31 (11) | 5 (17) | 26 (11) | 4 (18) | 27 (11) | |||
| Clinical psychiatric diagnosis | 41 (14) | 16 (53) | 25 (10) | < 0.001 | 23 (100) | 18 (7) | < 0.001 | |
| Antidepressants | 23 (8) | 10 (33) | 13 (5) | < 0.001 | – | – | ||
| LLD j | 135 (46) | 14 (47) | 121 (46) | > 0.99 | 15 (65) | 120 (45) | 0.080 | |
| AHD k | 97 (33) | 11 (37) | 86 (33) | 0.69 | 10 (44) | 87 (32) | 0.36 | |
| Insulin | 275 (94) | 29 (97) | 246 (94) | > 0.99 | 21 (91) | 254 (94) | 0.63 | |
| Insulin and OAD l | 17 (6) | 1 (3) | 16 (6) | 2 (9) | 15 (6) | |||
| Cardiovascular complications | 10 (3%) | 4 (13) | 6 (2) | 0.012 | 5 (22) | 5 (2) | < 0.001 | |
Data are n (%), (min-max), or median (q1, q3). a Number is 292 unless otherwise specified. b Fisher’s exact test unless otherwise indicated. d High - sensitivity C-reactive protein, n = 175. c Mann-Whitney U test. e N = 284. f N = 290. g Linear by linear association. h, i N = 275. j Lipid lowering drugs. k Antihypertensive drugs. l Oral antidiabetic drugs