Table 2.
Associations between parent–adolescent bonding and bullying/victimization among Vietnamese adolescents
| Having been bullied | Having been physically attacked | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 0.92 (0.77, 1.09) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.10) | 1.85 (1.55, 2.21)*** | 1.92 (1.60, 2.31) *** |
| Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Education level | ||||
| Junior high school | 1.61 (1.35, 1.92)*** | 1.69 (1.41, 2.03)*** | 2.28 (1.89, 2.75)*** | 2.46 (2.03, 2.98)*** |
| Senior high school | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Food insecurity | ||||
| Never/Rarely | 0.65 (0.29, 1.49) | 0.70 (0.30, 1.62) | 0.51 (0.23, 1.14) | 0.50 (0.22, 1.17) |
| Sometimes | 1.10 (0.48, 2.54) | 1.11 (0.47, 2.63) | 0.78 (0.35, 1.77) | 0.76 (0.32, 1.80) |
| Most of the time/Always | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Parental understanding ‘Parents understood problems’ | ||||
| Yes | 0.73 (0.60, 0.89)*** | 0.90 (0.73, 1.11) | 0.82 (0.67, 0.99)* | 0.95 (0.76, 1.19) |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Parental monitoring ‘Parents were aware of free time activities’ | ||||
| Yes | 0.69 (0.58, 0.83)*** | 0.78 (0.63, 0.95)* | 0.65 (0.54, 0.78)*** | 0.67 (0.54, 0.82)*** |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Parental control ‘Parents went through things without permission’ | ||||
| Yes | 1.22 (0.96, 1.55) | 1.26 (0.99, 1.61) | 1.37 (1.08, 1.74)** | 1.36 (1.06, 1.75)* |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Supportive friends | ||||
| Yes | 0.58 (0.49, 0.70)*** | 0.64 (0.53, 0.76)*** | 0.65 (0.54, 0.78)*** | 0.71 (0.59, 0.86)*** |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Close friendships | ||||
| Yes | 0.69 (0.48, 0.99)* | 0.74 (0.51, 1.07) | 0.81 (0.55, 1.19) | 0.86 (0.57, 1.28) |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
OR Odds ratio
aOR adjusted odds radio (adjusted for sex, education level, food insecurity, parent-adolescent bonding, supportive friends, close friendship)
CI confidence interval