Table 3.
Association between parent-adolescent bonding and mental health among Vietnamese adolescents
| Suicidal ideation | Loneliness | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 0.51 (0.41, 0.62) *** | 0.42 (0.34, 0.53)*** | 0.79 (0.63, 1.01) | 0.71 (0.55, 0.92)* |
| Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Education Level | ||||
| Junior high school | 0.69 (0.57, 0.84) *** | 0.67 (0.54, 0.83)*** | 0.65 (0.51, 0.82)*** | 0.63 (0.49, 0.81)*** |
| Senior high school | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Food insecurity | ||||
| Never/Rarely | 0.62 (0.25, 1.54) | 0.82 (0.31, 2.15) | 0.49 (0.18, 1.30) | 0.68 (0.24, 1.92) |
| Sometimes | 1.00 (0.40, 2.52) | 1.04 (0.39, 2.76) | 0.76 (0.28, 2.04) | 0.84 (0.29, 2.40) |
| Most of the time/Always | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Parental understanding ‘Parents understood problems’ | ||||
| Yes | 0.41 (0.32, 0.53) *** | 0.61 (0.46, 0.81)*** | 0.58 (0.44, 0.77)*** | 0.81 (0.58, 1.10) |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Parental monitoring ‘Parents were aware of free time activities’ | ||||
| Yes | 0.39 (0.31, 0.50) *** | 0.52 (0.40, 0.67)*** | 0.51 (0.39, 0.66)*** | 0.62 (0.46, 0.83)*** |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Parental control ‘Parents went through things without permission’ | ||||
| Yes | 1.75 (1.36, 2.25)*** | 1.96 (1.49, 2.57)*** | 2.29 (1.73, 3.02)*** | 2.35 (1.75, 3.15)*** |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Supportive friends | ||||
| Yes | 0.66 (0.54, 0.80)*** | 0.84 (0.68, 1.04) | 0.71 (0.56, 0.90)* | 0.88 (0.68, 1.13) |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Close friendships | ||||
| Yes | 0.33 (0.23, 0.47)*** | 0.41 (0.28, 0.60)*** | 0.24 (0.17, 0.35)*** | 0.31 (0.21, 0.45)*** |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Having been physically attacked | ||||
| Yes | 1.47 (1.18, 1.85) *** | 1.06 (0.79, 1.41) | 1.48 (1.14, 1.93)** | 0.99 (0.71, 1.39) |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Having been in physical fight | ||||
| Yes | 1.84 (1.45, 2.33)*** | 2.02 (1.50, 2.72)*** | 1.72 (1.30, 2.27)*** | 1.53 (1.09, 2.15)* |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Having been bullied | ||||
| Yes | 1.72 (1.39, 2.14)*** | 1.29 (1.01, 1.66)* | 2.11 (1.65, 2.71)*** | 1.80 (1.35, 2.38)*** |
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
OR Odds ratio
aOR adjusted odds radio (adjusted for sex, education level, food insecurity, parent-adolescent bonding, supportive friends, close friendships, having been physically attacked, having been in physical fight, having been bullied)
CI confidence interval