Table 2.
Serum biochemical parameters before (Day 0) and after (Day 7) oral supplementation of carotenoids.
| Parameters | Placebo | Bixin | Norbixin | Lycopene | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 0 | Day 7 | Change | Day 0 | Day 7 | Change | Day 0 | Day 7 | Change | Day 0 | Day 7 | Change | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 83.7 ± 2.2 | 81.9 ± 1.8 | −1.8 ± 2.1 | 84.5 ± 2.9 | 84.4 ± 3.5 | −0.1 ± 1.3 | 82.7 ± 2.4 | 85.6 ± 2.4 | 2.9 ± 2.1 | 84.6 ± 3.0 | 84.5 ± 2.4 | −0.1 ± 1.7 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 176.4 ± 8.7 | 177.3 ± 6.7 | 0.9 ± 5.2 | 180.8 ± 8.8 | 181.1 ± 10.1 | 0.3 ± 4.6 | 174.8 ± 11.7 | 179.3 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 5.9 | 176.7 ± 8.2 | 185.6 ± 8.8 | 8.9 ± 4.1 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51.5 ± 3.9 | 49.6 ± 4.2 | −1.9 ± 1.9 | 49.7 ± 3.1 | 50.9 ± 3.6 | 1.2 ± 1.81 | 52.1 ± 4.6 | 53.1 ± 5.5 | 1.0 ± 2.7 | 53.6 ± 3.0 | 54.1 ± 3.3 | 0.5 ± 2.5 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 110.7 ± 7.1 | 109.3 ± 6.4 | −1.4 ± 4.8 | 113.6 ± 6.8 | 118.4 ± 9.6 | 4.8 ± 7.2 | 101.6 ± 6.6 | 106.4 ± 6.4 | 4.8 ± 5.8 | 109.7 ± 6.5 | 114.8 ± 6.8 | 5.1 ± 5.6 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 88.1 ± 12.3 | 99.5 ± 12.4 | 11.4 ± 5.6 | 93.4 ± 12.5 | 102.6 ± 11.5 | 9.2 ± 7.1 | 93.4 ± 11.6 | 99.2 ± 12.8 | 5.8 ± 4.5 | 81.5 ± 10.6 | 86.7 ± 9.2 | 5.2 ± 5.5 |
| VLDL-C (mg/dL) | 17.8 ± 2.6 | 19.4 ± 2.6 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 18.7 ± 2.5 | 20.5 ± 2.3 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 18.7 ± 2.3 | 19.8 ± 2.5 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 16.3 ± 2.1 | 17.3 ± 1.8 | 1.0 ± 1.1 |
| AST (U/L) | 15.2 ± 1.0 | 15.4 ± 1.1 | 0.2 ± 0.8 | 16.3 ± 0.9 | 15.5 ± 1.1 | −0.8 ± 0.7 | 13.7 ± 0.9 | 14.6 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 15.4 ± 0.9 | 16.5 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.8 |
| ALT (U/L) | 15.4 ± 2.1 | 15.0 ± 1.7 | −0.4 ± 1.0 | 18.7 ± 1.8 | 17.5 ± 2.2 | −1.1 ± 1.5 | 13.9 ± 1.6 | 12.7 ± 1.2 | −1.2 ± 1.2 | 16.4 ± 1.5 | 17.3 ± 1.5 | 0.9. ± 0.9 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.17 ± 0.06 | 1.14 ± 0.07 | −0.03 ± 0.05 | 1.09 ± 0.06 | 1.11 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 1.09 ± 0.05 | 1.05 ± 0.04 | −0.04 ± 0.04 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.14 ± 0.09 | 0.04 ± 0.05 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 23.4 ± 1.5 | 26.1 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 26.9 ± 1.6 | 26.0 ± 1.7 | −0.9 ± 1.4 | 27.1 ± 1.6 | 27.4 ± 1.8 | 0.3 ± 1.4 | 28.2 ± 1.3 | 26.2 ± 1.7 | −2.0 ± 1.1 |
| Atherogenic index | 2.75 ± 0.24 | 2.91 ± 0.37 | 0.16 ± 0.18 | 2.72 ± 0.2 | 2.72 ± 0.21 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 2.67 ± 0.3 | 2.52 ± 0.3 | −0.14 ± 0.23 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.56 ± 0.21 | 0.06 ± 0.2 |
Data are expressed as means ± SEM of 16 volunteers. TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; VLDL-C: very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase. Change = Day 7–Day 0.