Table 1.
DNA methylation biomarkers in detecting colorectal cancer.
| Methylated gene | Sample type | Detecting method | No. of patients | Sensitivity∗ | No. of controls | Specificity∗ | P value for prognosis∗∗ | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SEPT9 | Blood | qPCR | 90 | 75.6% | NA | NA | NA | [16] |
| Serum | qMSP | 150 | NA | NA | NA | P < 0.05 | [13] | |
| TWIST1 | Tissue | MSP | 319 | 55.7% | 215 | 100% | NA | [17] |
| Plasma | MSP | 353 | 70.0% | NA | NA | P > 0.1 | [18] | |
| RUNX3 | Tissue | MSP | 30 | 28% | 30 | 85% | NA | [19] |
| Tissue | MSP | 62 | 32.3% | 10 | 100% | P = 0.038 | [20] | |
| Serum | MSP | 65 | 41.5% | NA | NA | NA | [21] | |
| Serum | MSP | 344 | 29% | 56 | 100% | P = 0.0003 | [22] | |
| Tissue | MSP | 119 | 39% | NA | NA | NA | [22] | |
| TAC1 | Tissue | MSP | 34 | 47% | 17 | 88% | NA | [23] |
| Serum | qMSP | 150 | NA | NA | NA | P ≤ 0.001 | [13] | |
| Serum | MSP | 165 | NA | NA | NA | P = 0.612 | [24] | |
| Serum | MSP | 193 | NA | NA | NA | P = 0.047 | [25] | |
| IGFBP3 | Tissue | qMSP | 425 | 44.9% | 21 | NA | NA | [14] |
| Tissue | MSP | 147 | NA | NA | NA | P < 0.05 | [26] | |
| Tissue | MSP | 115 | NA | NA | NA | P = 0.004 | [27] | |
| EYA4 | Tissue | MSP | 46 | 93.5% | 46 | 67.4% | NA | [15] |
| Stool | MSP | 13 | 100% | 19 | 94.7% | NA | [15] | |
| Serum | qMSP | 26 | 57.7% | 26 | ≥90% | NA | [28] | |
| Serum | qMSP | 150 | NA | NA | NA | P > 0.05 | [13] | |
| SST | Tissue | MSP | 34 | 88% | 17 | 53% | NA | [23] |
| Serum | qMSP | 150 | NA | NA | NA | P < 0.05 | [13] | |
| Serum | MSP | 165 | NA | NA | NA | P < 0.05 | [24] |
∗Sensitivity refers to the hypermethylation rates in colorectal cancer samples, while specificity refers to the opposite rates in normal samples. ∗∗P value for association of DNA hypermethylation with poorer prognosis, including cancer recurrence and reduced survival. SEPT9: methylated septin 9; TWIST1: twist-related protein 1; RUNX3: runt-related transcription factor 3; TAC1: tachykinin-1; IGFBP3: insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3; EYA4: eyes absent homolog 4; qPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; qMSP: quantitative methylation-specific PCR; SST: somatostatin; NA: not available.