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. 2019 Mar 3;2019:9136250. doi: 10.1155/2019/9136250

Table 2.

Associations between maternal characteristics and gestational diabetes mellitus status.

GDM
% (n/total)
Unadjusted
OR (95% CI)
Adjusted1
OR (95% CI)
Nationality
 Kuwaiti 10.2 (55/541) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
 Non-Kuwaiti 16.5 (54/327) 1.75 (1.17, 2.62) 2.77 (1.67, 4.58)
p value 0.007 <0.001
Age (years)
 <25 6.6 (10/152) 1.00 (reference)
 25 – 29 10.3 (27/262) 1.63 (0.77, 3.47)
 30 – 34 14.2 (36/253) 2.36 (1.13, 4.90)
 ≥35 18.2 (36/198) 3.16 (1.51, 6.59)
p value 0.008
Education level
 ≤Middle school 27.1 (13/48) 3.03 (1.53, 5.98) 1.78 (0.76, 4.17)
 High School 15.6 (22/141) 1.51 (0.90, 2.52) 1.62 (0.92, 2.86)
 ≥College or university 10.9 (74/677) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
p value 0.004 0.147
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2)
 Normal (<25.0) 7.9 (27/343) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
 Overweight (25.0 – 29.9) 15.7 (39/249) 2.17 (1.29, 3.66) 2.23 (1.29, 3.87)
 Obese (≥30.0) 17.0 (27/159) 2.39 (1.35, 4.24) 2.05 (1.11, 3.79)
p value 0.003 0.011
Family history of GDM2
 No 9.5 (58/614) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
 Yes 19.9 (50/251) 2.39 (1.58, 3.60) 2.70 (1.65, 4.41)
p value <0.001 <0.001
Family history of DM3
 No 8.8 (32/363) 1.00 (reference)
 Yes 15.1 (76/503) 1.84 (1.19, 2.85)
p value 0.006
History of stillbirth/miscarriage
 No 10.8 (65/602) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
 Yes 16.1 (41/255) 1.58 (1.04, 2.41) 1.71 (1.06, 2.77)
p value 0.033 0.029

GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. 1Stepwise variable selection method was applied to choose the best-fitting model. Variables were selected based on p value cutoff of 0.2 for variable entry and stay in the model. Adjusted ORs are presented for the variables that were selected in the stepwise selection process. The variables age and family history of DM were not selected in this selection process. 2Refers to history of GDM in mother and/or sister of the participant. 3Refers to history of DM in mother, father, and/or sibling of the participant.