Table 2.
Associations between maternal characteristics and gestational diabetes mellitus status.
| GDM % (n/total) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted1 OR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Nationality | |||
| Kuwaiti | 10.2 (55/541) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Non-Kuwaiti | 16.5 (54/327) | 1.75 (1.17, 2.62) | 2.77 (1.67, 4.58) |
| p value | 0.007 | <0.001 | |
| Age (years) | |||
| <25 | 6.6 (10/152) | 1.00 (reference) | — |
| 25 – 29 | 10.3 (27/262) | 1.63 (0.77, 3.47) | — |
| 30 – 34 | 14.2 (36/253) | 2.36 (1.13, 4.90) | — |
| ≥35 | 18.2 (36/198) | 3.16 (1.51, 6.59) | — |
| p value | 0.008 | — | |
| Education level | |||
| ≤Middle school | 27.1 (13/48) | 3.03 (1.53, 5.98) | 1.78 (0.76, 4.17) |
| High School | 15.6 (22/141) | 1.51 (0.90, 2.52) | 1.62 (0.92, 2.86) |
| ≥College or university | 10.9 (74/677) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| p value | 0.004 | 0.147 | |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Normal (<25.0) | 7.9 (27/343) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Overweight (25.0 – 29.9) | 15.7 (39/249) | 2.17 (1.29, 3.66) | 2.23 (1.29, 3.87) |
| Obese (≥30.0) | 17.0 (27/159) | 2.39 (1.35, 4.24) | 2.05 (1.11, 3.79) |
| p value | 0.003 | 0.011 | |
| Family history of GDM2 | |||
| No | 9.5 (58/614) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 19.9 (50/251) | 2.39 (1.58, 3.60) | 2.70 (1.65, 4.41) |
| p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Family history of DM3 | |||
| No | 8.8 (32/363) | 1.00 (reference) | — |
| Yes | 15.1 (76/503) | 1.84 (1.19, 2.85) | — |
| p value | 0.006 | — | |
| History of stillbirth/miscarriage | |||
| No | 10.8 (65/602) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 16.1 (41/255) | 1.58 (1.04, 2.41) | 1.71 (1.06, 2.77) |
| p value | 0.033 | 0.029 |
GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. 1Stepwise variable selection method was applied to choose the best-fitting model. Variables were selected based on p value cutoff of 0.2 for variable entry and stay in the model. Adjusted ORs are presented for the variables that were selected in the stepwise selection process. The variables age and family history of DM were not selected in this selection process. 2Refers to history of GDM in mother and/or sister of the participant. 3Refers to history of DM in mother, father, and/or sibling of the participant.