Tumor growth patterns under fixed levels of growth factors. TECs begin to grow from one, two, three or all peripheral ECs, in (A), (B), (C), and (D), resp. Red arrowheads in (A–C) indicate the initial location of TECs. Green circles are non-proliferating ECs, and red circles are the initial TECs that generate the lineage of proliferating TECs (gray circles). L = lumen in the duct structure. S = stromal tissue. The scales of x-axis and y-axis in subplots (B-D) are same as those in the subplot (A)