Table 2.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from patients admitted to intensive care units of seven main teaching hospitals in Taiwan in 2016
| Organism and agents tested | MIC (mg/L) | Isolates, n (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range | MIC50 | MIC90 | S (%) | I (%) | R (%) | |
| Escherichia coli (121) | ||||||
| Ampicillin–sulbactam | ≤2–≥32 | ≥32 | ≥32 | 35 (28.9) | 12 (9.9) | 74 (61.2) |
| Cefazolin | ≤4–≥64 | ≥64 | ≥64 | 51 (42.1) | — | 70 (57.9) |
| Cefmetazole | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | 32 | 101 (83.5) | 10 (8.3) | 10 (8.3) |
| Cefotaxime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | ≥64 | 64 (52.9) | 1 (0.8) | 56 (46.3) |
| Ceftazidime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | ≥64 | 84 (69.4) | 1 (0.8) | 36 (29.8) |
| Cefepime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | ≥64 | 101 (83.5) | 5 (4.1) | 15 (12.4) |
| Piperacillin–tazobactam | ≤4–≥128 | ≤4 | ≥128 | 93 (76.9) | 14 (11.6) | 14 (11.6) |
| Ertapenem | ≤0.5–≥8 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | 118 (97.5) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.7) |
| Imipenem | ≤0.25–4 | ≤0.25 | ≤0.25 | 120 (99.2) | 0 | 1 (0.8) |
| Meropenem | ≤0.25–4 | ≤0.25 | ≤0.25 | 120 (99.2) | 0 | 1 (0.8) |
| Ciprofloxacin | ≤0.25–≥4 | 0.5 | ≥4 | 74 (61.2) | 1 (0.8) | 46 (38.0) |
| Levofloxacin | ≤0.12–≥8 | 1 | ≥8 | 75 (62.0) | 1 (0.8) | 45 (37.2) |
| Gentamicin | ≤1–≥16 | ≤1 | ≥16 | 91 (75.2) | 1 (0.8) | 29 (24.0) |
| Amikacin | ≤2–16 | ≤2 | 4 | 121 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | ≤1–≥16 | ≤1 | ≥16 | 73 (60.3) | — | 48 (39.7) |
| Tigecycline | ≤0.5–4 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin-BMD | 0.5–2 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae (137) | ||||||
| Ampicillin–sulbactam | ≤2–≥32 | 8 | ≥32 | 77 (56.2) | 5 (3.6) | 55 (40.1) |
| Cefazolin | ≤4–≥64 | ≤4 | ≥64 | 0 | 84 (61.3) | 53 (38.7) |
| Cefmetazole | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | ≥64 | 102 (74.5) | 16 (11.7) | 19 (13.9) |
| Cefotaxime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | ≥64 | 96 (70.1) | 6 (4.4) | 35 (25.5) |
| Ceftazidime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | ≥64 | 98 (71.5) | 6 (4.4) | 33 (24.1) |
| Cefepime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | 32 | 117 (85.4) | 2 (1.5) | 18 (13.1) |
| Piperacillin–tazobactam | ≤4–≥128 | ≤4 | ≥128 | 97 (70.8) | 13 (9.5) | 27 (19.7) |
| Ertapenem | ≤0.5–≥8 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | 124 (90.5) | 5 (3.6) | 8 (5.8) |
| Imipenem | ≤0.25–≥16 | ≤0.25 | 1 | 125 (91.2) | 8 (5.8) | 4 (2.9) |
| Meropenem | ≤0.25–≥16 | ≤0.25 | ≤0.25 | 130 (94.9) | 0 | 7 (5.1) |
| Ciprofloxacin | ≤0.25–≥4 | ≤0.25 | ≥4 | 107 (78.1) | 1 (0.7) | 29 (21.2) |
| Levofloxacin | ≤0.12–≥8 | ≤0.12 | ≥8 | 105 (76.6) | 4 (2.9) | 28 (20.4) |
| Gentamicin | ≤1–≥16 | ≤1 | ≥16 | 97 (70.8) | 9 (6.6) | 31 (22.6) |
| Amikacin | ≤2–≥64 | ≤2 | ≤2 | 132 (96.4) | 0 | 5 (3.6) |
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | ≤1–≥16 | ≤1 | ≥16 | 89 (65.0) | — | 48 (35.0) |
| Tigecycline | ≤0.5–≥8 | ≤0.5 | ≥8 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin | ≤0.5–≥16 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin BMD | 0.5–16 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA |
| Enterobacter cloacae (51) | ||||||
| Cefazolin | ≤4–≥64 | ≥64 | ≥64 | 1 (2.0) | 50 (98.0) | |
| Cefmetazole | 2–≥64 | ≥64 | ≥64 | 2 (3.9) | 3 (5.9) | 46 (90.2) |
| Cefotaxime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | ≥64 | 30 (58.8) | 0 | 21 (41.2) |
| Ceftazidime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | ≥64 | 31 (60.8) | 0 | 20 (39.2) |
| Cefepime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | 16 | 39 (76.5) | 5 (9.8) | 7 (13.7) |
| Ertapenem | ≤0.5–≥8 | ≤0.5 | 4 | 40 (78.4) | 2 (3.9) | 9 (17.6) |
| Imipenem | ≤0.25–≥16 | 0.5 | 2 | 42 (82.4) | 4 (7.8) | 5 (9.8) |
| Meropenem | ≤0.25–≥16 | ≤0.25 | 1 | 47 (92.2) | 1 (2.0) | 3 (5.9) |
| Ciprofloxacin | ≤0.25–≥4 | ≤0.25 | ≥4 | 41 (80.4) | 2 (3.9) | 8 (15.7) |
| Levofloxacin | ≤0.12–≥8 | ≤0.12 | ≥8 | 41 (80.4) | 2 (3.9) | 8 (15.7) |
| Gentamicin | ≤1–≥16 | ≤1 | ≥16 | 43 (84.3) | 0 | 8 (15.7) |
| Amikacin | ≤2–32 | ≤2 | 4 | 49 (96.1) | 2 (3.9) | 0 |
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | ≤1–≥16 | ≤1 | ≥16 | 38 (74.5) | — | 13 (25.5) |
| Tigecycline | ≤0.5–≥8 | 1 | ≥8 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin | ≤0.5–≥16 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin BMD | 0.5–>32 | 1 | >32 | NA | NA | NA |
| Serratia marcescens (42) | ||||||
| Cefazolin | ≥64–≥64 | ≥64 | ≥64 | 0 | 0 | 42 (100) |
| Cefmetazole | 4–≥64 | 8 | ≥64 | 35 (83.3) | 1 (2.4) | 6 (14.3) |
| Cefotaxime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | 32 | 28 (66.7) | 2 (4.8) | 12 (28.6) |
| Ceftazidime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | ≥64 | 37 (88.1) | 0 | 5 (11.9) |
| Cefepime | ≤1–32 | ≤1 | 8 | 35 (83.3) | 5 (11.9) | 2 (4.8) |
| Piperacillin–tazobactam | ≤4–≥128 | ≤4 | 16 | 39 (92.9) | 0 | 3 (7.1) |
| Ertapenem | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | 42 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Meropenem | ≤0.25 | ≤0.25 | ≤0.25 | 42 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | ≤0.25–≥4 | ≤0.25 | ≥4 | 36 (85.7) | 0 | 6 (14.3) |
| Levofloxacin | ≤0.12–≥8 | ≤0.12 | ≥8 | 34 (81.0) | 3 (7.1) | 5 (11.9) |
| Gentamicin | ≤1–≥16 | ≤1 | 8 | 35 (83.3) | 3 (7.1) | 4 (9.5) |
| Amikacin | ≤2–≥64 | ≤2 | 8 | 40 (95.2) | 0 | 2 (4.8) |
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | ≤1–≥16 | ≤1 | ≤1 | 40 (95.2) | — | 2 (4.8) |
| Tigecycline | ≤0.5–≥8 | 1 | ≥8 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin BMD | 1–>32 | >32 | >32 | NA | NA | NA |
| Proteus mirabilis (38) | ||||||
| Ampicillin–sulbactam | ≤2–≥32 | 4 | ≥32 | 20 (52.6) | 7 (18.4) | 11 (28.9) |
| Cefazolin | ≤4–≥64 | ≤4 | ≥64 | 19 (50) | 19 (50) | |
| Cefmetazole | ≤1–≥64 | 2 | 4 | 37 (97.4) | 0 | 1 (2.6) |
| Cefotaxime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | 8 | 30 (78.9) | 0 | 8 (21.1) |
| Ceftazidime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | 4 | 35 (92.1) | 0 | 3 (7.9) |
| Cefepime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | 4 | 33 (86.8) | 3 (7.9) | 2 (5.3) |
| Piperacillin–tazobactam | ≤4–16 | ≤4 | ≤4 | 38 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Ertapenem | ≤0.5–≥8 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | 36 (94.7) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) |
| Imipenem | ≤0.25–≥16 | 4 | 8 | 2 (5.3) | 14 (36.8) | 22 (57.9) |
| Meropenem | ≤0.25–8 | ≤0.25 | 1 | 37 (97.4) | 0 | 1 (2.6) |
| Ciprofloxacin | ≤0.25–≥4 | ≤0.25 | ≥4 | 24 (63.2) | 5 (13.2) | 9 (23.7) |
| Levofloxacin | ≤0.12–≥8 | 0.5 | ≥8 | 26 (68.4) | 6 (15.8) | 6 (15.8) |
| Gentamicin | ≤1–≥16 | ≤1 | ≥16 | 20 (52.6) | 6 (15.8) | 12 (31.6) |
| Amikacin | ≤2–≥64 | ≤2 | 8 | 34 (89.5) | 1 (2.6) | 3 (7.9) |
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | ≤1–≥16 | ≥16 | ≥16 | 11 (28.9) | — | 27 (71.1) |
| Tigecycline | 1–≥8 | 4 | 4 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin BMD | >32 | >32 | >32 | NA | NA | NA |
| Morganella morganii (13) | ||||||
| Ampicillin–sulbactam | 16–≥32 | ≥32 | ≥32 | 0 | 1 (7.7) | 12 (92.3) |
| Cefazolin | ≥64–≥64 | ≥64 | ≥64 | 0 | 0 | 13 (100) |
| Cefmetazole (12) | 8–≥64 | 8 | 32 | 10 (83.3) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (8.3) |
| Cefotaxime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | ≥64 | 8 (61.5) | 0 | 5 (38.5) |
| Ceftazidime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | ≥64 | 9 (69.2) | 0 | 4 (30.8) |
| Cefepime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | 8 | 11 (84.6) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (7.7) |
| Piperacillin–tazobactam | ≤4–≥128 | ≤4 | ≤4 | 12 (92.3) | 0 | 1 (7.7) |
| Ertapenem | ≤0.5–≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | 13 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Imipenem | ≤0.25–8 | 2 | 8 | 3 (23.1) | 4 (30.8) | 6 (46.2) |
| Meropenem | ≤0.25–1 | ≤0.25 | 1 | 13 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | ≤0.25–≥4 | ≤0.25 | ≥4 | 11 (84.6) | 0 | 2 (15.4) |
| Levofloxacin | ≤0.12–≥8 | ≤0.12 | ≥8 | 11 (84.6) | 0 | 2 (15.4) |
| Gentamicin | ≤1–≥16 | ≤1 | ≥16 | 9 (69.2) | 1 (7.7) | 3 (23.1) |
| Amikacin | ≤2–≥64 | ≤2 | 4 | 12 (92.3) | 0 | 1 (7.7) |
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | ≤1–≥16 | ≤20 | ≥320 | 9 (69.2) | — | 4 (30.8) |
| Tigecycline | ≤0.5–≥8 | 1 | 4 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin | ≥16 | ≥16 | ≥16 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin BMD | >32 | >32 | >32 | NA | NA | NA |
| Citrobacter freundii (10) | ||||||
| Cefazolin | ≥64 | ≥64 | ≥64 | 0 | 0 | 10 (100) |
| Cefmetazole | 32–≥64 | 32 | ≥64 | 0 | 5 (50) | 5 (50) |
| Cefotaxime | ≤1–≥64 | ≤1 | ≥64 | 5 (50) | 0 | 5 (50) |
| Ceftazidime | ≤1–≥64 | 2 | ≥64 | 5 (50) | 0 | 5 (50) |
| Cefepime | ≤1–4 | ≤1 | 2 | 9 (90) | 1 (10) | 0 |
| Piperacillin–tazobactam | ≤4–≥128 | 32 | ≥128 | 4 (40) | 3 (30) | 3 (30) |
| Ertapenem | ≤0.5–4 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | 9 (90) | 0 | 1 (10) |
| Imipenem | ≤0.25–≥16 | 0.5 | ≥16 | 8 (80) | 0 | 2 (20) |
| Meropenem | ≤0.25–≥16 | ≤0.25 | ≥16 | 8 (80) | 0 | 2 (20) |
| Ciprofloxacin | ≤0.25–2 | ≤0.25 | 1 | 9 (90) | 1 (10) | 0 |
| Levofloxacin | ≤0.12–4 | 0.5 | 4 | 8 (80) | 2 (20) | 0 |
| Gentamicin | ≤1–≥16 | ≤1 | ≥16 | 8 (80) | 0 | 2 (20) |
| Amikacin | ≤2 | ≤2 | ≤2 | 10 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | 10 (100) | — | 0 |
| Tigecycline | ≤0.5–1 | ≤0.5 | 1 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin BMD | 0.5–1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (128) | ||||||
| Ceftazidime | ≤1–≥64 | 4 | 32 | 89 (69.5) | 23 (18.0) | 16 (12.5) |
| Cefepime | ≤1–≥64 | 2 | 16 | 107 (83.6) | 11 (8.6) | 10 (7.8) |
| Piperacillin–tazobactam | ≤4–≥128 | 8 | ≥128 | 74 (57.8) | 18 (14.1) | 36 (28.1) |
| Imipenem | ≤0.25–≥16 | 2 | ≥16 | 102 (79.7) | 0 | 26 (20.3) |
| Meropenem | ≤0.25–≥16 | 0.5 | ≥16 | 98 (76.6) | 5 (3.9) | 25 (19.5) |
| Ciprofloxacin | ≤0.25–≥4 | ≤0.25 | ≥4 | 105 (82.0) | 4 (3.1) | 19 (14.8) |
| Levofloxacin | ≤0.12–≥8 | 1 | ≥8 | 97 (75.8) | 10 (7.8) | 21 (16.4) |
| Gentamicin | ≤1–≥16 | ≤1 | 4 | 117 (91.4) | 5 (3.9) | 6 (4.7) |
| Amikacin | ≤2–≥64 | ≤2 | 4 | 127 (99.2) | 0 | 1 (0.8) |
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | ≤1–≥16 | 8 | ≥16 | NA | NA | NA |
| Tigecycline | ≤0.5–≥8 | ≥8 | ≥8 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | 128 (100) | — | 0 |
| Colistin BMD | 1–8 | 2 | 2 | 122 (95.3) | — | 6 (4.7) |
| Acinetobacter baumannii complex (138) | ||||||
| Ampicillin–sulbactam | ≤2–≥32 | 16 | ≥32 | 61 (44.2) | 18 (13.0) | 59 (42.8) |
| Cefotaxime | ≤1–≥64 | ≥64 | ≥64 | 42 (30.4) | 22 (15.9) | 74 (53.6) |
| Ceftazidime | ≤1–≥64 | ≥64 | ≥64 | 47 (34.1) | 18 (13.0) | 73 (52.9) |
| Cefepime | ≤1–≥64 | ≥64 | ≥64 | 48 (34.8) | 2 (1.4) | 88 (63.8) |
| Piperacillin–tazobactam | ≤4–≥128 | ≥128 | ≥128 | 44 (31.9) | 0 | 94 (68.1) |
| Imipenem | ≤0.25–≥16 | ≥16 | ≥16 | 51 (37.0) | 1 (0.7) | 86 (62.3) |
| Meropenem | ≤0.25–≥16 | ≥16 | ≥16 | 51 (37.0) | 2 (1.4) | 85 (61.6) |
| Ciprofloxacin | ≤0.25–≥4 | ≥4 | ≥4 | 44 (31.9) | 0 | 94 (68.1) |
| Levofloxacin | ≤0.12–≥8 | 4 | ≥8 | 45 (32.6) | 30 (21.7) | 63 (45.7) |
| Gentamicin | ≤1–≥16 | ≥16 | ≥16 | 65 (47.1) | 3 (2.2) | 70 (50.7) |
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | ≤1–≥16 | 8 | ≥16 | 56 (40.6) | — | 82 (59.4) |
| Tigecycline | ≤0.5–≥8 | 1 | 4 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin | ≤0.5–2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 138 (100) | — | 0 |
| Colistin BMD | 0.5–16 | 2 | 2 | 124 (89.9) | — | 14 (10.1) |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (61) | ||||||
| Levofloxacin | 0.25–≥8 | 1 | ≥8 | 47 (77.0) | 4 (6.6) | 10 (16.4) |
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | ≤1–≥16 | ≤1 | ≥16 | 43 (70.5) | — | 18 (29.5) |
| Colistin BMD (60) | 2–>32 | >32 | >32 | NA | NA | NA |
| Burkholderia cepacia (19) | ||||||
| Ceftazidime | 2–4 | 4 | 4 | 19 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Cefepime | 2–32 | 8 | 32 | NA | NA | NA |
| Piperacillin–tazobactam | ≥128 | ≥128 | ≥128 | NA | NA | NA |
| Imipenem | ≥16 | ≥16 | ≥16 | NA | NA | NA |
| Meropenem | 1–4 | 4 | 4 | 19 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 1–≥4 | 2 | ≥4 | NA | NA | NA |
| Levofloxacin | 1–≥8 | 4 | 4 | 6 (31.6) | 11 (57.9) | 2 (10.5) |
| Gentamicin | ≥16 | ≥16 | ≥16 | NA | NA | NA |
| Amikacin | ≥64 | ≥64 | ≥64 | NA | NA | NA |
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | ≤1–4 | ≤1 | ≤1 | 18 (94.7) | — | 1 (5.3) |
| Tigecycline | 2–≥8 | ≥8 | ≥8 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin | ≥16 | ≥16 | ≥16 | NA | NA | NA |
| Colistin BMD | >32 | >32 | >32 | NA | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: BMD, broth microdilution; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; NA, not available; I, intermediate; R, resistant; S, susceptible.