Table 1.
Summary of hits: mechanisms of action, drug classes, and representative compounds
| Activators | Inhibitors | |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin sensitizers | Thiazolidinediones: pioglitazone, ciglitazone, and rosiglitazone | |
| Disulfiram (thiuram) | ||
| Dis-inhibitors | Inhibitors of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1): rapamycin | |
| β-Adrenergic | Agonists: isoproterenol, metaproteranol, terbutiline, and epinephrine | Inverse agonists/antagonists: propranolol |
| Adenylate cyclase activator: forskolin | ||
| Adenosine receptor | Agonists: 2-chloroadenosine | Inverse agonists/antagonists: CGS 15943, IBMX |
| Steroids | Corticosteroids: flumethasone, halcinonide, prednicarbate, and dexamethasone | |
| Androgenic: flutamide | Androgenic: testosterone | |
| Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors | Cardiotonic steroids: proscillaridin A, medrysone, strophanthidin, and ouabain | |
| Antibiotics | Proguanil, niclosamide, amsacrin | |
| Protein synthesis inhibitors | Puromycin, cycloheximide, anisomycin, cephaeline, ementine, lycorine | |
| Heterocyclic amines | Antihistamines: homochlorcyclizine, azelastine | |
| Antipsychotics: haloperidol, bromperidol | ||
| Phenothiazine anti-psychotics: promazine, promethazine, thioridazine | ||
| Dibenzazepines: tricyclic antidepressants; imipramine, desipramine, protriptyline | ||
| Tetracyclic anti-depressants: maprotiline | ||
| Lysosomotropic amines | Chloroquine, ammonium chloride | |
| Phytochemicals: supplements and medicinal herbal extracts | Tanshinone I, dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, GSPE | Parthenolide, piperlongumine, resveratrol, LY294002/LYi, Akti |
| Flavonoids | Icariin, myricetin, and dihydromyricetin | Kaempferol, quercitin, geraldol |