Extended Data 8. Dietary factors influence mouse and human TGF-α and VEGF-B expression.

(a) Ingenuity pathway analysis of NF-κB signaling comparing TDD to TDD+Trp diet in control animals. Colors code for up- and down-regulation of individual members in red (up) and blue (down). Normalized reads of n = 2 independent samples per group. (b) mRNA expression determined by qPCR in from EAE mice as in Fig. 3a. Data are mean + s.e.m. and representative of two independent experiments with n = 3 replicates. P values determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. (c) Quantification of co-expression of AHR and CD14, VEGF-B and CD14, TGF-α and CD14 in immunofluorescence stainings of human white matter brain tissue of NAWM, active, or chronic MS lesions for AHR (left), VEGF-B (middle), or TGF-α (right), CD14 (green), and DAPI (blue). Data shown are representative of n = 12 fields from three distinct MS brains. (d) Ratio of VEGF-B to TGF-α intensities. Ratio of means from (g) + s.e.m of n = 25 fields. P values derived by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test.