Table 2.
Normal values of biomarkers in CSF
| Biomarker | Normal Range | Unit | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| VEGF | 0–633 | pg/mL | 19,22,23 |
| VEGF index | 12–41 | 23 | |
| TGF-beta | 65–115 | pg/mL | 23 |
| uPA | 41–282 | pg/mL | 22,23 |
| tPA | 122–222 | pg/mL | 23 |
| tPA index | 13–42 | 23 | |
| CK-BB | 0.04–0.19 | U/L | 25 |
| LDH | 0–26 | U/L | 26 |
| β2-microglobulin | 0.65–2.2 | mg/L | 26 |
| CA15.3 | 0–0.3 | IU/mL | 38 |
| CEA | 0.8–4.0 | ng/mL | 26 |
| CSFTC (CellSearch) | Range varies among studies, <1–2 | cells/mL | 32–34 |
| CSFTC (FCI) | Range varies among studies, <10–16 | clustered events | 39,40 |
| ctDNA | No established cutoff. Since ctDNA is tumor specific, it should be undetectable in healthy controls. |