Table 2.
Biomarker | Normal Range | Unit | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
VEGF | 0–633 | pg/mL | 19,22,23 |
VEGF index | 12–41 | 23 | |
TGF-beta | 65–115 | pg/mL | 23 |
uPA | 41–282 | pg/mL | 22,23 |
tPA | 122–222 | pg/mL | 23 |
tPA index | 13–42 | 23 | |
CK-BB | 0.04–0.19 | U/L | 25 |
LDH | 0–26 | U/L | 26 |
β2-microglobulin | 0.65–2.2 | mg/L | 26 |
CA15.3 | 0–0.3 | IU/mL | 38 |
CEA | 0.8–4.0 | ng/mL | 26 |
CSFTC (CellSearch) | Range varies among studies, <1–2 | cells/mL | 32–34 |
CSFTC (FCI) | Range varies among studies, <10–16 | clustered events | 39,40 |
ctDNA | No established cutoff. Since ctDNA is tumor specific, it should be undetectable in healthy controls. |