Table 5.
Biomechanical properties of ligament, muscle, tendon and aponeuroses
| System: Musculoskeletal/connective tissue | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tissue: Muscle/tendon/ligaments/aponeuroses | ||||||||||||
| Human muscle (Lieber et al. 2003) | White rabbit extensor digitorum muscle – longitudinal extension* (Morrow et al. 2010) | White rabbit extensor digitorum muscle – transverse extension* (Morrow et al. 2010) | Palmaris longus tendon (Millesi et al. 1995) (SEM) | Human cadaver supraspinatus tendon – anterior sub‐region (Matsuhashi et al. 2014) | Human cadaver supraspinatus tendon – posterior sub‐region (Matsuhashi et al. 2014) | Human patellar tendon – Healthy controls (Matschke et al. 2013) (SEM) | Human patellar tendon – rheumatoid arthritis (Matschke et al. 2013) (SEM) | Transverse carpal ligament (Ugbolue et al. 2015) (SD) | Vertebral aponeuroses (Loukas et al. 2008) (SD) | Palmar aponeuroses (Millesi et al. 1995) (SEM) | Gastrocnemius aponeuroses (Azizi et al. 2002) (SD) | |
| Young's modulus, MPa | 462.5 ± 99.6 (muscle fibre bundle) 111.2 ± 35.5 (Individual sarcomere) | 0.447 ± 0.098 | 0.022 ± 0.015 | – | 592.4 ± 237.4 | 217.7 ± 102.1 | 740 (80) 900 (10) | 590 (70) | – | – | – | 744.4 (219) 115.7 (67) |
| Tensile strength, MPa | 150.4 ± 25.7 | 0.447 ± 0.097 | 0.022 ± 0.015 | – | 22.1 ± 5.4 | 11.6 ± 5.3 | – | – | 23.99 (10.7) | – | – | 53.2 (12.9) 28.1 (8.7) |
| Hysteresis loop | – | – | – | 0.079 (0.005) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.086 (0.008) | – |
| Residual strain | – | – | – | 0.0023 (0.005) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0016 (0.0003) | – |
| Ultimate failure load, Newtons | – | – | – | – | 779.2 ± 218.9 | 335.6 ± 164.0 | – | – | – | 38.7 (6.8) | – | – |
| Elongation at breaking point, % | – | 50.5 ± 22.2 | 182 ± 92.4 | – | – | – | – | – | 28 | – | – | – |
SD, standard deviation; SEM, standard error of mean.
1 MPa = 1 × 106 Newton per square metre.
*
Skeletal muscle dissected free from aponeuroses.