Table 3.
Univariate and multiple regression models: Factors related to celiac disease autoimmunity in participants with type 1 diabetes
| Estimate | Se | Lower limit | Upper limit | Z stat | P-value | |
| Univariate Model (exchangeable correlation) | ||||||
| Female | 0.6562 | 0.5151 | -0.3534 | 1.6659 | 1.27 | 0.2027 |
| Age | -0.0314 | 0.0152 | -0.0611 | -0.0017 | -2.07 | 0.0383A |
| Onset of T1D | -0.0658 | 0.0342 | -0.1329 | 0.0013 | -1.92 | 0.0546 |
| Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms | -0.5812 | 0.491 | -1.5435 | 0.3811 | -1.18 | 0.2365 |
| Extraintestinal (EX) symptoms | -0.9204 | 0.6391 | -2.1731 | 0.3323 | -1.44 | 0.1498 |
| Both GI and EX symptoms | -0.4724 | 0.6385 | -1.7239 | 0.7791 | -0.74 | 0.4594 |
| No GI or EX symptoms | 0.9074 | 0.4931 | -0.059 | 1.8737 | 1.84 | 0.0657 |
| Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) DQ2-DR3 Heterozygous | -0.7402 | 0.7571 | -2.2241 | 0.7437 | -0.98 | 0.3282 |
| HLA DQ2-DR3 Homozygous | 0.7843 | 0.67 | -0.5332 | 2.1019 | 1.17 | 0.2433 |
| HLA DQ2-DR7 Heterozygous | 0.028 | 1.0649 | -2.0592 | 2.1152 | 0.03 | 0.979 |
| HLA DQ8 | -0.3975 | 0.5234 | -1.4233 | 0.6283 | -0.76 | 0.4475 |
| HLA DQ2-DR3/DQ8 | 0.2767 | 0.4814 | -0.6668 | 1.2203 | 0.57 | 0.5654 |
| HLA DQ2-DR7/DQ8 | 2.4851 | 0.6507 | 1.2098 | 3.7604 | 3.82 | 0.0001B |
| HLA DQ2 Heterozygous | -0.575 | 0.6367 | -1.823 | 0.6729 | -0.9 | 0.3665 |
| HLA DQ2 Homozygous | 0.6192 | 0.666 | -0.6862 | 1.9246 | 0.93 | 0.3525 |
| Haptoglobin genotype (HP) 1-1 | -0.6932 | 0.7671 | -2.1967 | 0.8104 | -0.9 | 0.3662 |
| HP 2-1 | 0.1539 | 0.4414 | -0.7112 | 1.0191 | 0.35 | 0.7273 |
| HP 2-2 | 0.1525 | 0.4422 | -0.7141 | 1.0192 | 0.34 | 0.7301 |
| Any HP2 | 0.693 | 0.767 | -0.81 | 2.197 | 0.9 | 0.366 |
| First degree relative (FDR) with celiac disease (CD) | 1.4091 | 0.6188 | 0.1962 | 2.622 | 2.28 | 0.0228C |
| FDR with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) | 0.0724 | 0.557 | -1.0193 | 1.1641 | 0.13 | 0.8966 |
| FDR with thyroid disease | 0.7839 | 0.4619 | -0.1215 | 1.6892 | 1.7 | 0.0897 |
| FDR with other autoimmune disease | 1.1634 | 0.4432 | 0.2947 | 2.0321 | 2.62 | 0.0087D |
| CD in another relative | 0.4136 | 0.6598 | -0.8796 | 1.7068 | 0.63 | 0.5307 |
| Multiple Regression Model (independence working correlation) | ||||||
| Intercept | -3.3213 | 0.927 | -5.1383 | -1.5043 | -3.58 | 0.0003 |
| Age | -0.0121 | 0.019 | -0.0494 | 0.0252 | -0.64 | 0.5246 |
| Onset of T1D | -0.0396 | 0.0425 | -0.1229 | 0.0436 | -0.93 | 0.3509 |
| DQ2-DR7/DQ8 | 2.4131 | 0.8401 | 0.7666 | 4.0596 | 2.87 | 0.0041E |
| No GI or EX symptoms | 1.1905 | 0.6566 | -0.0963 | 2.4774 | 1.81 | 0.0698 |
| FDR with CD | 0.6927 | 1.3443 | -1.9421 | 3.3274 | 0.52 | 0.6064 |
| FDR with thyroid disease | -0.8976 | 1.6214 | -4.0756 | 2.2804 | -0.55 | 0.5799 |
| FDR with other autoimmune disease | 1.9765 | 1.7861 | -1.5241 | 5.4771 | 1.11 | 0.2685 |
Significant findings indicated by superscripts. T1D: Type 1 diabetes; FDRs: First-degree relatives; CD: Celiac disease; CDA: Celiac disease autoimmunity; GI sx: Gastrointestinal symptoms; Ex sx: Extraintestinal symptoms; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; HP: Haptoglobin genotype.