Table 3.
Heart rate characteristics during CPET.
| Control | CHD | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resting HR [bpm] | 85.0 ± 14.6 | 83.3 ± 13.3 | 0.81 | |
| Peak exercise HR [bpm] | 189.0 ± 8.3 | 180.0 ± 13.3 | <0.001 | |
| HR reserve [bpm] | 104.0 ± 13.6 | 96.2 ± 18.0 | 0.004 | |
| Chronotropic index | 0.85 ± 0.07 | 0.79 ± 0.11 | 0.001 | |
| 1 min HRR | ||||
| Absolute [bpm] | −37.8 ± 15.0 | −30.2 ± 12.4 | 0.002 | |
| Relative | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.83 ± 0.07 | 0.01 | |
| 2 min HRR | ||||
| Absolute [bpm] | −57.1 ± 12.8 | −50.3 ± 14.5 | 0.004 | |
| Relative | 0.70 ± 0.07 | 0.72 ± 0.08 | 0.05 | |
| 3 min HRR | ||||
| Absolute [bpm] | −64.0 ± 13.2 | −59.1 ± 13.7 | 0.10 | |
| Relative | 0.66 ± 0.07 | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 0.58 | |
Heart rate characteristics during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Values as mean ± standard deviation. CHD, Congenital heart disease; HR, heart rate; HRR, heart rate recovery (HR decrease from peak exercise); bpm, beats per minute.