Table 1.
OLBI's versions: validity evidence based on the internal structure.
| Country (Authors) | Occupational group | N | Dimensionality | Reliability: internal consistency | Measurement invariance | χ2/df | TLI/NNFI | GFI | CFI | RMSEA | SRMR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Items (factors) | Analysis | Total | Disengagement | Exhaustion | ||||||||||
| Brazil Schuster and Dias, 2018 | Multi-occupational | 273 | 16 (two) | CFA | – | CR = 0.93 | CR = 0.89 | – | 2.59 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
| 13 (two) | – | CR = 0.88 | CR = 0.92 | – | 2.41 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.07 | 0.05 | ||||
| Cameroon Mbanga et al., 2018 | Nurses | 143 | 16 (two) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| England Delgadillo et al., 2018 | Psychological well-being practitioners | 13 | 16 (two) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Mental health nurse practitioners | 15 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Cognitive behavioral therapists | 21 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| (Total) | (49) | – | – | α = 0.87 | α = 0.84 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Iraq Al-Asadi et al., 2018 | Primary school teachers | 706 | 16 (two) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ireland Chernoff et al., 2018 | Administrators | 8 | 16 (two) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Care assistants | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Nurses | 50 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Physicians | 23 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Porters | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Radiographers | 10 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| (Total) | (97) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Italy Estévez-Mujica and Quintane, 2018 | Research and development | 57 | 13 (two) | EFA | – | α = 0.86 | α = 0.85 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Malaysia Mahadi et al., 2018* | Medical students | 452 | 16 (one) | CFA | – | – | – | – | 7.606 | 0.577 | 0.768 | 0.633 | 0.121 | – |
| 16 (two) | – | – | – | – | 7.551 | 0.580 | 0.768 | 0.640 | 0.121 | – | ||||
| 9 (two) | α = 0.80 | α = 0.74 CR = 0.73 |
α = 0.70 CR = 0.71 |
– | 3.585 | 0.905 | 0.958 | 0.934 | 0.076 | – | ||||
| England Westwood et al., 2017 | Psychotherapists | 210 | 16 (two) | – | – | α = 0.83 | α = 0.86 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| India Ananthram et al., 2017 | Call center representatives | 250 | 16 (two) | – | – | α = 0.84 | α = 0.85 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Kosovo Turtulla, 2017 | Teachers | 531 | 16 (two) | – | – | α = 0.73 | α = 0.71 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Malaysia Rosnah et al., 2017 | Multi-occupational | 492 | 8 (one)E | CFA | – | – | α = 0.50 | – | 3.21 | – | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.066 | – |
| Russia Smirnova, 2017 | Multi-occupational | 392 | 16 (one) | CFA | – | – | – | – | 10.97 | 0.550 | 0.746 | 0.610 | 0.160 | – |
| 16 (two) | – | α = 0.84 | α = 0.65 | – | 9.60 | 0.612 | 0.804 | 0.709 | 0.148 | – | ||||
| 15 (two) | – | α = 0.84 | α = 0.68 | – | 9.85 | 0.631 | 0.803 | 0.702 | 0.150 | – | ||||
| 7 (one) | – | – | – | – | 8.72 | 0.802 | 0.911 | 0.868 | 0.141 | – | ||||
| 7 (two) | – | α = 0.65 | α = 0.72 | – | 9.34 | 0.786 | 0.911 | 0.868 | 0.146 | – | ||||
| Saudi Arabia Al-shuhail et al., 2017 | Physicians | 140 | 16 (two) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Serbia Petrović et al., 2017 | Multi-occupational | 860 | 16 (two) | – | α = 0.81 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Singapore Suyi et al., 2017 | Health | 37 | 16 (two) | – | – | α = 0.79–88 | α = 0.63–89 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Taiwan Ko, 2017 | Hotel frontline employees | 521 | 16 (two) | – | – | α = 0.75 | α = 0.78 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| UK Halliday et al., 2017 | Consultant | 123 | 16 (two) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| General practitioner | 93 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Higher specialist trainee | 139 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Junior specialist trainee | 153 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Foundation doctor | 40 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| (Total) | (548) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| USA Olinske and Hellman, 2017 | Executive directors | 140 | 16 (two) | – | – | α = 0.78 | α = 0.88 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| USA Yanos et al., 2017 | Clinicians | 472 | 16 (two) | – | α = 0.87 | α = 0.75 | α = 0.87 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| England Sales et al., 2016 | General practitioners trainees | 48 | 16 (two) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| India Subburaj and Vijayadurai, 2016 | Police constables | 492 | 16 (one) | CFA | CR = 0.65 | – | – | – | 9.14 | 0.802 | 0.738 | 0.828 | 0.129 | – |
| 16 (two) | – | CR = 0.91 | CR = 0.90 | – | 3.75 | 0.933 | 0.911 | 0.942 | 0.075 | – | ||||
| Higher secondary teachers | 385 | 16 (one) | CR = 0.62 | – | – | – | 8.65 | 0.760 | 0.697 | 0.792 | 0.141 | – | ||
| 16 (two) | – | CR = 0.90 | CR = 0.90 | – | 3.64 | 0.917 | 0.902 | 0.929 | 0.083 | – | ||||
| (Total) | (877) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Norway Innstrand, 2016 | Advertising | 301 | 16 (two) | CFA | – | – | – | – | 3.38 | 0.96 | – | 0.96 | 0.092 | 0.069 |
| Bus drivers | 381 | – | – | – | – | 3.21 | 0.97 | – | 0.97 | 0.083 | 0.051 | |||
| Church ministers | 500 | – | – | – | – | 3.58 | 0.96 | – | 0.97 | 0.075 | 0.055 | |||
| IT | 358 | – | – | – | – | 4.10 | 0.95 | – | 0.96 | 0.097 | 0.074 | |||
| Lawyers | 412 | – | – | – | – | 3.66 | 0.96 | – | 0.97 | 0.084 | 0.056 | |||
| Nurses | 496 | – | – | – | – | 4.87 | 0.96 | – | 0.97 | 0.092 | 0.064 | |||
| Physicians | 523 | – | – | – | – | 5.58 | 0.94 | – | 0.95 | 0.098 | 0.072 | |||
| Teachers | 504 | – | – | – | – | 4.86 | 0.96 | – | 0.96 | 0.091 | 0.067 | |||
| (Total) | (3,475) | MGCFA | – | α = 0.86–88 | α = 0.87–88 | Partial scalar invariance among occupational groups. | 4.47 | 0.95 | – | 0.95 | 0.094 | 0.067 | ||
| Pakistan Khan et al., 2016 | Female academicians | 299 | 16 (two) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Pakistan Khan and Yusoff, 2016 | Academic staff | 450 | 16 (four) | EFA | α = 0.83 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 16 (one) | CFA | – | – | – | 0.60 | – | 0.87 | 1.00 | 0.014 | – | ||||
| 16 (two) | – | – | – | 2.62 | – | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.004 | – | |||||
| Poland Baka and Basinska, 2016 | Teachers | 545 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Medical staff | 491 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Police officers | 768 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| (Total) | (1,804) | 16 (two) | EFA | – | α = 0.73 | α = 0.69 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| USA Rogala et al., 2016 | Health care | 135 | 16 (two) | – | – | α = 0.86 | α = 0.81–86 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Zimbabwe Buitendach et al., 2016 | Bus drivers | 283 | 16 (two) | – | α = 0.76 | α = 0.73 | α = 0.72 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Brazil Schuster et al., 2015 | Multi-occupational | 273 | 16 (two) | – | α = 0.90 | α = 0.86 | α = 0.83 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 9 (two) | EFA | α = 0.88 | α = 0.87 | α = 0.76 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| Germany Reis et al., 2015 | Nurses | 385 | 15 (one) | CFA | – | – | – | – | 5.28 | 0.82 | – | 0.84 | 0.11 | 0.07 |
| 15 (two) | – | – | – | Partial metric invariance with German students | 3.59 | 0.89 | – | 0.91 | 0.08 | 0.06 | ||||
| 16 (one) | – | – | – | – | 5.26 | 0.80 | – | 0.82 | 0.11 | 0.07 | ||||
| 16 (two) | – | α = 0.81 | α = 0.87 | – | 3.78 | 0.87 | – | 0.89 | 0.09 | 0.07 | ||||
| India Rajeswari and Sreelekha, 2015 | Nurses | 200 | 16 (two) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Poland Staszczyk and Tokarz, 2015 | White-collar | 210 | 16 (two) | – | α = 0.83 | α = 0.78 | α = 0.74 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Slovenia Sedlar et al., 2015 | Multi-occupational | 1,436 | 8 (two) | CFA | – | – | – | – | 7.51 | 0.988 | – | 0.992 | 0.067 | – |
| 16 (one) | α = 0.83 | – | – | – | 39.94 | 0.753 | – | 0.786 | 0.165 | – | ||||
| 16 (two)W | – | – | – | 8.38 | 0.953 | – | 0.960 | 0.072 | – | |||||
| 16 (two) | α = 0.71 | α = 0.73 | – | 40.09 | 0.752 | – | 0.787 | 0.165 | – | |||||
| 16 (four)PN | – | – | – | 8.06 | 0.955 | – | 0.963 | 0.070 | – | |||||
| USA Foster, 2015 | Multi-occupational | 579 | 8 (one)D | CFA | – | α = 0.82 | – | Full-uniqueness measurement invariance between sex. | 11.68 | – | – | 0.88 | – | 0.064 |
| 8 (one)E | CFA | – | – | α = 0.84 | Full-uniqueness measurement invariance between sex. | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| 16 (two) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| USA Shupe et al., 2015 | Librarians | 282 | 16 (two) | – | α = 0.87 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden Lundkvist et al., 2014 | Coaches | 277 | 8 (two)N | CFA | – | – | – | – | 3.25 | 0.940 | – | 0.959 | 0.090 | – |
| 16 (two) | – | – | – | – | 2.82 | 0.879 | – | 0.897 | 0.081 | – | ||||
| Sweden Rudman et al., 2014 | Nurses | 1,178 | 10 (two)T | – | – | α = 0.75 | α = 0.78 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 1,086 | 8 (two)T | – | – | α = 0.75 | α = 0.71 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 1,135 | 8 (two)T | – | – | α = 0.77 | α = 0.71 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 908 | 10 (two)T | – | – | α = 0.78 | α = 0.80 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 811 | 10 (two)T | – | – | α = 0.80 | α = 0.81 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Australia Scanlan and Still, 2013 | Occupational therapists | 34 | 16 (two) | – | – | α = 0.79 | α = 0.84 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Brazil Schuster et al., 2013 | Multi-occupational | 273 | 9 (two) | EFA | α = 0.88 | α = 0.86 | α = 0.76 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 9 (two) | CFA | CR = 0.95 | CR = 0.85 | CR = 0.93 | – | 2.36 | 0.956 | 0.954 | 0.968 | 0.071 | – | |||
| Poland Rzeszutek, 2013 | Psychotherapists | 200 | 16 (two) | – | α = 0.88 | α = 0.82 | α = 0.79 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| USA Ford et al., 2013 | Information technology | 91 | 16 (two) | – | – | α = 0.82 | α = 0.79 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| South Africa Lekutle and Nel, 2012 | Cement factory | 187 | 5 (two) | EFA | – | α = 0.68 | α = 0.69 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Norway Innstrand et al., 2012 | Multi-occupational | 3,475 | 16 (two) | MGCFA | – | α = 0.86–88 | α = 0.87–88 | Longitudinal metric invariance. | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| China Qiao and Schaufeli, 2011 | Nurses | 717 | 16 (one) | CFA | – | – | – | – | 11.62 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.11 | – |
| 16 (two)W | – | – | – | 5.58 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.08 | – | |||||
| 16 (two) | – | – | – | 11.25 | 0.74 | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.12 | – | |||||
| 16 (four)PN | – | – | – | 4.42 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.07 | – | |||||
| Poland Baka, 2011 | Teachers | 292 | 16 (two) | – | α = 0.88 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden Peterson et al., 2011 | Multi-occupational | 3,719 | 16 (two) | CFA | – | α = 0.83 | α = 0.83 | – | 27.88 | 0.93 | – | 0.94 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
| 16 (one) | – | – | – | – | 47.24 | 0.92 | – | 0.93 | 0.12 | 0.09 | ||||
| Poland Baka and Cieślak, 2010 | Teachers | 236 | 16 (two) | – | α = 0.87 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| South Africa Demerouti et al., 2010 | Construction | 528 | 16 (two) | – | – | α = 0.79 | α = 0.74 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| South Africa Tilakdharee et al., 2010 | Training and development | 80 | 16 (two) | – | α = 0.928 | α = 0.80 | α = 0.82 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Belgium Barbier et al., 2009 | Public sector | 955 | 16 (two) | – | – | α = 0.79 | α = 0.82 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Canada Chevrier, 2009 | Catering | 84 | 16 (five) | PCA | α = 0.80 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 16 (two) | PCA | α = 0.69 | α = 0.81 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Netherlands Demerouti and Bakker, 2008 | Health care | 979 | 16 (two) | EFA | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| White collar | 644 | 16 (two) | EFA | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| (Total) | 1,623 | 16 (two) | CFAT | – | – | – | – | 8.08 | – | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.07 | – | |
| 16 (two)W | CFAM | – | – | – | – | 12.51 | – | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.08 | – | |||
| 16 (two) | CFAMTMM | – | α = 0.85 | α = 0.85 | Metric invariance for burnout factors between occupations. | 4.25 | – | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.05 | – | |||
| Sweden Peterson et al., 2008 | Health care | 3,719 | 16 (two) | – | – | α > 0.70 | α > 0.70 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Australia Timms et al., 2007 | Teachers | 298 | 16 (two) | – | – | α = 0.79 | α = 0.81 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| South Africa Bosman et al., 2005 | Government | 297 | 16 (two) | – | – | α = 0.71 | α = 0.66 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| United States of America Halbesleben and Demerouti, 2005 | Multi-occupational | 2,431 | 16 (one) | CFA | – | – | – | – | 2.26 | 0.62 | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.14 | – |
| 16 (two)W | – | – | – | – | 1.90 | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.09 | – | ||||
| 16 (two) | – | α = 0.76–0.83 | α = 0.74–0.79 | – | 1.09 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.03 | – | ||||
| Fire department | 168 | 16 (one) | – | – | – | – | 2.66 | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.78 | 0.14 | – | ||
| 16 (two)W | – | – | – | – | 2.93 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.74 | 0.16 | – | ||||
| 16 (two) | – | α = 0.83 | α = 0.87 | – | 1.18 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.04 | – | ||||
| (Total) | 2,599 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| South Africa le Roux, 2004 | Earthmoving | 326 | 15 (two) | PCA | – | α = 0.82 | α = 0.71 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 16 (two) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Greece Demerouti et al., 2003 | Multi-occupational | 232 | 13 (one) | CFA | – | – | – | – | 5.04 | – | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.13 | – |
| 13 (two)W | α = 0.83 | α = 0.73 | – | 5.06 | – | 0.79 | 0.72 | 0.13 | – | |||||
| 13 (two) | – | 3.39 | – | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.10 | – | |||||||
| 13 (two)M | – | 1.90 | – | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.062 | – | |||||||
| Germany Demerouti et al., 2002 | Human services | 149 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Production employees | 145 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| (Total) | 294 | 15 (one) | MGCFA | – | – | – | – | 2.22 | 0.83 | 0.87 | 0.90 | – | – | |
| 15 (two)U | α = 0.84 | α = 0.85 | – | 2.08 | 0.84 | 0.90 | 0.91 | – | – | |||||
| 15 (two)W | – | 2.20 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.90 | – | – | |||||||
| 15 (two) | – | 1.26 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.99 | – | – | |||||||
| German Demerouti et al., 2001 | Human services | 140 | 15 (one) | CFA | – | – | – | – | 2.13 | – | 0.86 | 0.84 | – | – |
| 15 (two) W | – | – | – | – | 2.10 | – | 0.87 | 0.85 | – | – | ||||
| 15 (two) | – | – | – | – | 1.45 | – | 0.91 | 0.94 | – | – | ||||
| Production | 93 | 15 (one) | – | – | – | – | 1.86 | – | 0.86 | 0.91 | – | – | ||
| 15 (two) W | – | – | – | – | 1.73 | – | 0.87 | 0.92 | – | – | ||||
| 15 (two) | – | – | – | – | 1.29 | – | 0.91 | 0.97 | – | – | ||||
| Transport | 119 | 15 (one) | – | – | – | – | 1.52 | – | 0.86 | 0.86 | – | – | ||
| 15 (two) W | – | – | – | – | 1.35 | – | 0.87 | 0.91 | – | – | ||||
| 15 (two) | – | – | – | – | 1.14 | – | 0.90 | 0.96 | – | – | ||||
| (Total) | 352 | 15 (one) | – | – | – | – | 3.73 | – | 0.87 | 0.88 | – | – | ||
| 15 (two) W | – | – | – | – | 3.57 | – | 0.89 | 0.89 | – | – | ||||
| 15 (two) | – | α = 0.83 | α = 0.82 | – | 1.50 | – | 0.96 | 0.98 | – | – | ||||
| 15 (one) | MGCFA | – | – | – | – | 1.97 | – | 0.85 | 0.86 | – | – | |||
| 15 (two) W | – | – | – | – | 1.90 | – | 0.86 | 0.87 | – | – | ||||
| 15 (two) | – | – | – | Metric invariance between occupations. | 1.38 | – | 0.90 | 0.95 | – | – | ||||
| Germany Demerouti et al., 2000 | Nurses | 109 | 15 (two) | – | – | α = 0.92 | α = 0.84 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Germany Demerouti and Nachreiner, 1998 | Service-Professionals | 145 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Production | 134 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Air traffic controllers | 95 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| (total) | 374 | 25 (two) | EFA | – | α = 0.93 | α = 0.82 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
*
Although a medical students sample was used, this version's items were adapted for workers; M, with modification indices applied; U, uncorrelated model; W, all positively phrased items of both burnout dimensions were specified to load on one factor and all negatively phrased items on a second factor; PN, two negatively worded scales (exhaustion items and disengagement items), and two positively worded scales (exhaustion items and disengagement items); D, disengagement subscale; E, exhaustion; N, only negatively worded items included, four each subscale; T, trait; M, method; MTMM, multitrait-multimethod.
The extracted results for the goodness-of-fit indices are presented with two or three decimal places depending of the original authors report. CFA, confirmatory factor analysis; EFA, exploratory factor analysis; MGCFA, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis; PCA, principal component analysis; GFI, goodness-of-fit index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; NNFI, non-normed fit index; TLI, Tucker Lewis index; CFI, comparative fit index; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual.