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. 2019 Mar 12;10:205. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00205

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Copyright © 2019 Birkner, Loos, Gollan, Steffen, Wasser, Ruck, Meuth, Zipp and Bittner.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Patients suffering from progressive forms of MS show lower levels of sICAM-5 in CSF. (A) ICAM-5 concentration in ng/ml in the cerebrospinal fluid of NIND patients (NIND, n = 35), RRMS (n = 17), PPMS (n = 19), and SPMS (n = 12) patients. Data shown are mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test, *p < 0.05. (B) Correlation between EDSS or disease duration in months and ICAM-5 concentration in CSF (ng/ml). Data was tested for normality using Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Pearson's or Spearman's r and p-values were determined accordingly.