Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Mar 12;13:154. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00154

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2019 Schöneberg and Prömel.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Evolutionary relationships of Latrophilins with other Adhesion GPCR groups. The evolutionary history of C. elegans (ce, light green box) and Drosophila melanogaster (dm, light yellow box) Latrophilin-like (LAT, Cirl, LEC) and Flamingo-like (FMI) receptors in relation to human, mouse, chicken, and zebrafish Adhesion GPCRs was constructed using the amino acid sequence of the 7TM region. For comparison purposes, Latrophilin-like sequences from other invertebrates were included. Muscarinic acetyl choline receptors of the respective species were used as outgroup. All sequence data are retrieved from NCBI. The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method (Saitou and Nei, 1987). The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 38.4 is shown. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Poisson correction method (Zuckerkandl and Pauling, 1965) and are shown as units of the number of amino acid substitutions per site. The analysis involved 180 amino acid sequences. All positions with less than 95% site coverage were eliminated. That is, fewer than 5% alignment gaps, missing data, and ambiguous bases were allowed at any position. There were a total of 202 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA7 (Kumar et al., 2016). The left, less complex tree shows only the topology of the groups. The respective right tree displays the calculated branch lengths but the receptor groups are condensed into proportional triangles except of ADGRL, ADGRE and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR). The branch point of ADGRL and ADGRE is marked with a red circle. The mAChR branch is marked with a blue circle. Species are: hs, Homo sapiens (Mammalia); mm, Mus musculus (Mammalia); gg, Gallus gallus (Avea); dr, Danio rerio (Osteichthyes); sk, Saccoglossus kowalevskii (Hemichordata); ci, Ciona intestinalis (Tunicata); ac, Acanthaster planc (Echinodermata); sp, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Echinodermata); my, Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Mollusca); cg, Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca); ob, Octopus bimaculoides (Mollusca); dm, Drosophila melanogaster (Insecta); la, Lingula anatina (Brachiopoda); ct, Capitella teleta (Annelida); ce, Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda); hd, Hypsibius dujardini (Tardigrada); rv, Ramazzottius varieornatus (Tardigrada); of, Orbicella faveolata (Cnidaria); pd, Pocillopora damicornis (Cnidaria); aq, Amphimedon queenslandica (Parazoa).