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. 2019 Mar 12;10:252. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00252

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Copyright © 2019 Zhu, Umehara, Okazaki, Goto, Fujita, Hoque, Kawai, Zeng and Shimada.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Low glucose condition improves the sperm motility patterns through enhancing the mitochondrial activity at 1 h of incubation. (A) CASA derived changes in the sperm motility track from circular to linear by reducing the glucose level from 153 mM to 0 mM (namely 100–0%). (B–F) Dynamic changes in the sperm parameters: (B) total motility, (C) non-progressive motility (D) progressive motility, (E) straight-line velocity and (F) lateral amplitude. (G) Kinetic changes in the mitochondrial activity. (H) ATP level in the sperm. Values are specified as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) of three replicates. Columns with different lowercase letters differ significantly (p < 0.05). The letters in X-axis are symbolized as – G, glucose; L, lactose; FS, fresh sperm.