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. 2019 Mar 12;10:252. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00252

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Copyright © 2019 Zhu, Umehara, Okazaki, Goto, Fujita, Hoque, Kawai, Zeng and Shimada.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Sperm incubated with rotenone in 30.6 mM glucose media alters the mitochondrial activity, ATP level and kinetic patterns. (A–E) Kinetic changes in the sperm motility patterns at 1 and 3 h of incubation, (A) motility tracks generated from CASA, (B) non-progressive motility, (C) progressive motility, (D) straight-line velocity, (E) total motility. (F–H) Rotenone-induced changes in mitochondrial attributes at 1 h of incubation, (F) membrane integrity, (G) mitochondrial activity, and (H) ATP levels. Values are specified as mean ± SEM of three replicates. Columns with different lowercase letters differ significantly (p < 0.05).