Table 1.

Some adverse effects seen when using probiotic lactobacilli and species involved.

Adverse effect	Case report	Species	References
Bacteremia and/or sepsis	Ulcerative colitis AIDS or other immunocompromised patients Pediatric intensive care unit Short gut syndrome and cardio surgery	L. rhamnosus L. acidophilus L. casei L. rhamnosus	Vahabnezhad et al., 2013; Meini et al., 2015 Luong et al., 2010; Haghighat and Crum-Cianflon, 2016 Passera et al., 2016 Kochan et al., 2011; Mehta et al., 2013
Pneumonia	RSV bronchiolitis	L. rhamnosus	Doern et al., 2014 Conen et al., 2009
Abscesses	Ulcerative colitis Renal transplant End stage renal disease and diabetes Diverse underlying diseases	L. rhamnosus L. casei L. sp. L. rhamnosus	Vanichanan et al., 2016 Sherid et al., 2016 Pararajasingam and Uwagwu, 2017
Endocarditis	Bicuspid aortic valve stenosis Mitral insufficiency Aortic and mitral valve replacement Telangiectasia (HHT)	L. rhamnosus L. paracasei L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus	Kato et al., 2016; Norena et al., 2017 Franko et al., 2013 Aaron et al., 2017 Boumis et al., 2018