Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Mar 18;9:4790. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41250-w

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Individual errors can be identified as anticipated or inadvertent. (a) Left: Example of the classification process for individual error trials across the first reversal training of one animal. Each error trial is assigned an Error Prediction (EP) index based on the normalized difference in reaction time, path surplus, running speed and lick location compared to the surrounding ± 10 hit trials. Crosses: EP index for one individual error trial. Errors with an EP index > 0 (green background shade) are defined as anticipated, errors with an EP index < 0 (red background shade) as inadvertent. Right-hand inset: Distribution of EP indices across the course of training. Black arrow: Mean EP index. (b) Relation between the proportion of anticipated errors made during spontaneous states of high and low alertness (as defined by local PR scores, see Methods), respectively. Shown are five animals in the original task (black dots) and two reversals (dark and light grey dots, respectively), with three measurements missing due to an insufficient overall number (n < 5) of error trials. Data points are concentrated above the diagonal (*p < 0.05; based on t-test for dependent samples), indicating that the proportion of anticipated errors is significantly smaller during high than low alertness.