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. 2019 Mar 18;9:4696. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41140-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expression of CD68 positive macrophages, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, NFκB and the polyadenylation marker CPSF4 in synovia from OA patients with varying degree of inflammation. Synovia from OA patients with high grade inflammation (n = 10), low grade inflammation (n = 10) and post-mortem (PM) control tissues (n = 10) were used to detect the expression of the polyadenylation marker CPSF4, angiogenesis marker nestin, extent of cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA], CD68 positive macrophages and NFκB. Synovia from OA patients with high grade inflammation expressed higher levels of CPSF4 (A,B) and NFκB (C) compared to PM non-arthritic control tissues, and the expression was localised to CD68 positive macrophages. CPSF4 expression was seen in the nucleus and cytoplasm of CD68 positive macrophages (B) as indicated by yellow arrows. Greater density of nestin positive blood vessels (A) and increased cell proliferation (A) was also seen in the synovia from OA patients with high grade inflammation compared to PM control tissues. Synovia from OA patients with low grade inflammation were similar to PM control tissues. DRAQ5 was used to detect cell nuclei. Scale bar = 20 µm. Data are mean ± SEM of tissues from n = 10 patients per group. *p < 0.05 versus post mortem controls. ⁺⁺p < 0.01 versus low inflamed OA group.