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. 2019 Mar 12;10:448. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00448

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Hypothesis. (1) DC (blue) encounter maturation stimuli and migrate toward the (draining) lymph node. (2) In the lymph node, DC encounter both activated and non-activated bystander T-cells. Upon the interaction with activated bystander T-cells, DC release EV containing HLA class I-pathogen-derived peptide complexes and immune-stimulatory RNA-species. (3) Depending on the ratio of activated vs. non-activated bystander T-cells, the DC releases EV with a capacity to activate primed cognate T-cells. EV may also stimulate T-cells via cross dressing of bystander DC (not shown).