Table 1.
Participant Characteristics
| Categorical Variables | All Children (N = 384) |
Boys (n = 191) |
Girls (n = 193) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Wealth index | ||||||
| 1 (very poor) | 77 | 20.1 | 36 | 18.9 | 41 | 21.2 |
| 2 | 85 | 22.1 | 35 | 18.3 | 50 | 25.9 |
| 3 | 64 | 16.7 | 35 | 18.3 | 29 | 15.0 |
| 4 | 65 | 16.9 | 37 | 19.4 | 28 | 14.5 |
| 5 (least poor) | 93 | 24.2 | 48 | 25.1 | 45 | 23.4 |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| None | 178 | 45.6 | 86 | 45.0 | 92 | 47.6 |
| 1–6 yr (primary school) | 100 | 24.7 | 52 | 27.2 | 48 | 24.9 |
| >6 yr (secondary school) | 106 | 26.3 | 53 | 27.8 | 53 | 27.5 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Akan | 65 | 16.9 | 31 | 16.3 | 34 | 17.6 |
| Dagarti | 86 | 22.4 | 41 | 21.5 | 45 | 23.3 |
| Gonja | 55 | 14.3 | 27 | 14.1 | 28 | 14.5 |
| Konkonba | 58 | 15.1 | 27 | 14.1 | 31 | 16.1 |
| Other (Sisala, Mo, Fulani, Bimoba, Ga, Banda) | 120 | 31.2 | 65 | 34.0 | 55 | 28.5 |
| Secondhand smoke exposure | ||||||
| Yes | 50 | 13.0 | 23 | 12.0 | 27 | 14.0 |
| Other reported exposures | ||||||
| Kerosene lamp | 3 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 1.0 |
| Charcoal | 33 | 8.6 | 16 | 8.4 | 17 | 8.8 |
| Mosquito coil | 22 | 5.7 | 10 | 5.2 | 12 | 6.2 |
| Selling wares by roadside | 28 | 7.3 | 13 | 6.8 | 15 | 7.8 |
| Continuous Variables | All Children (N = 384) |
Boys (n = 191) |
Girls (n = 193) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | |
| Average prenatal CO level, ppm | 1.1 | 0.7–1.9 | 1.1 | 0.6–2.1 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.8 |
| Child birth weight, kg | 3.00 | 2.72–3.21 | 3.01 | 2.76–3.28 | 2.97 | 2.62–3.17 |
| Child gestational age at delivery, wk | 39.7 | 39.0–40.7 | 39.8 | 39.1–40.6 | 39.7 | 38.9–40.9 |
| Child age at lung function, d | 30 | 27–33 | 30 | 27–33 | 29 | 27–33 |
| Child length at lung function, cm | 54.6 | 52.5–63.0 | 55.8 | 53.0–64.9 | 54.1 | 51.9–62.0 |
| Child weight at lung function, kg | 4.0 | 3.7–4.3 | 4.1 | 3.8–4.5 | 3.9 | 3.5––4.2 |
| Lung function outcomes | ||||||
| Tptef:Te | 0.56 | 0.42–0.69 | 0.57 | 0.45–0.69 | 0.55 | 0.40–0.69 |
| RR, breaths/min | 55.8 | 47.1–64.8 | 56.4 | 46.9–65.6 | 55.5 | 47.4–63.9 |
| Vt, ml | 32.9 | 28.7–37.0 | 33.6 | 30.2–38.6 | 31.5 | 27.3–35.8 |
| MV, ml/min | 1,810 | 1,560–2,130 | 1,880 | 1,600–2,220 | 1,740 | 1,520–2,000 |
| Crs/kg, ml/cm H2O/kg | 0.80 | 0.68–0.93 | 0.79 | 0.68–0.90 | 0.81 | 0.68–0.98 |
Definition of abbreviations: CO = carbon monoxide; Crs/kg = passive respiratory system compliance per kilogram; IQR = interquartile range; MV = minute ventilation; RR = respiratory rate; Tptef:Te = ratio of the time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time.