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. 2019 Mar 18;9:4824. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41208-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experiment results of (a) on-chip paper pumps and (b) on-chip pipette tube pumps. The channel in (a) has a width of around 2 mm, and a height of around 200 μm. The inset in (a) shows a microscope image of the two-phase laminar flow in the channel. The channels in (b) have a width of around 500 μm, and a height of around 200 μm. The insets in (b) show the microscope images of the middle channel, where the output fluid was controlled in real time by the pumps. Scale bars in all the insets are 500 μm.