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. 2019 Mar 18;9:4711. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41271-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Modules (left) and species roles (right) for the control year (2007) and 2008–2009 combined. Species are sorted according to their assignment to modules, plants as rows and pollinators as columns. Darker squares indicate more frequent interactions. Squares with black outlines indicate honeybee. Trends in the topological role of pollinator species (right; pooled by Order) through pre- and apis-periods for the control-year (2007) and 2008–2009 combined. Roles are indicated by c, the fraction of interactions involving species in different modules, and z, the fraction of interactions with species in the same module. Dashed lines indicate the 0.95 percentile threshold values estimated on the species-specific data. H: Hymenoptera; C: Coleoptera; D: Diptera; R: Reptiles; L: Lepidotera; A: Aves. See species identities and results per pollinator species in Supplementary Information.