Table 2.

Clinical and laboratory findings suggesting CKD, but highly exposed to the confounding by and shared with coexistent chronic diseases in the elderly

Clinical clues	Laboratory clues
Fatigue, dyspnea, tachypnea	Anemia
Water retention	Hypo- or hypercalcemia
Anorexia, nausea	Hyperkalemia or hypokalemia (tubular dysfunction)
Sleep disorders	Metabolic acidosis
Difficult to control hypertension	Hypocapnia (hyperventilation compensating for metabolic acidosis)
Osteoporosis	Hyposthenuria (low urine osmolarity: nephrogenic diabetes?)
Arterial calcifications	Oliguria or polyuria
ADRs to normally dosed kidney cleared drugs	Proteinuria or hematuria
Unexplained peripheral neuropathy	Hyperchloremia: renal metabolic acidosis?
Itching	Hyperphosphatemia
Gastrointestinal bleeding	Hyperuricemia
Weight loss	Increased ESR and/or CRP
In diabetic patient: reduced cumulative amount of insulin	Increased D-dimer