Dembo 2001.

Methods	Design: RCT Follow‐up: 2, 3, & 4 yrs (post intervention) Attrition: 13.7% (2 yrs), 15% (3 yrs), 24.2% (4 yrs) Unit of randomisation: adolescent
Participants	N of subjects randomised: Int: NR Ctrl: NR Total N: 315 N of subjects at last observation at yr 2, 3, or 4: Int: NR Ctrl: NR Total N: 278 Age: mean: mean 14.5; range 11 to 18 yrs Sex (male): 56% Ethnicity: 56% Anglo, 41% African Amercican Country: USA
Interventions	Number of experimental conditions: 2 Description of Intervention: Family Empowerment Intervention (FEI) sought to improve family functioning by empowering parents. Project field consultants visited families to work on the following goals: (1) restore family hierarchy (parents, children, etc.); (2) restructure boundaries between parents and children; (3) encourage parents to take greater responsibility for family functioning; (4) increase family structure through implementation of rules and consequences; (5) enhance parenting skills; (6) have parents set limits, expectations, and rules that increase the likelihood the target youth’s behavior will improve; (7) improve communication skills among all family members; (8) improve problem‐solving skills, particularly among target youth; and (9) where needed, connect the family to other systems (e.g. school, church, community activities) Type of intervention: selective (youths processed through a juvenile assessment centre after an arrest) Focus/target: psychosocial functioning among youths Fidelity: NR Dose: NR Duration/frequency: 10 weeks, contact once per week Control: Extended Services Intervention (ESI) group families received monthly phone contacts from project Research Assistants
Outcomes	Length of follow‐up: last observation Alcohol outcomes: Number of days used alcohol in the past month Number of times youth got drunk on alcohol in the past year
Funding and Declared Conflicts of Interest	Funding through the National Institute on Drug Abuse. No information or declarations about potential conflicts of interest
Notes	Abbreviations: RCT=randomised controlled trial; N=number; Int=intervention; Ctrl=control; mo=month(s); yr(s)=year(s); NR=not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Blinding of participants and personnel not possible due to the nature of the intervention.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Most outcomes self‐reported; blinding of participants and personnel not possible due to the nature of the intervention.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Attrition low, no differential attrition between groups, no differences in baseline characteristics between completers and non‐completers after accounting for multiple comparisons
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	No protocol or clinical trial registry is available. Numbers of participants in each group and their scores on the outcomes of interest are not presented. Study authors present only results of predicted scores based on last follow‐up. Study authors present results on the basis of control vs intervention completers and intervention non‐completers. Direct comparison of control vs the entire intervention group is not presented
Other bias	Low risk	Contamination not described and is unlikely
Recruitment to cluster	Unclear risk	Not applicable
Baseline imbalances	Unclear risk	Not applicable
Loss of clusters	Unclear risk	Not applicable
Incorrect analysis	Unclear risk	Not applicable
Compatability with individually randomised trials (herd effect)	Unclear risk	Not applicable