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. 2019 Mar 18;7:41. doi: 10.1186/s40168-019-0664-z

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 8 — Overview of proposed mechanisms by which fucose is utilized in ICD. Fucose is depicted by red triangles; mucins are depicted by chains of blue hexagons. Host cells (bottom of figure) increase the expression of enterocyte-derived mucins and a fucosyltransferase. Bacteroides species increase the expression of alpha-l-fucosidases, which are secreted enzymes that cleave fucose from host-derived fucosylated mucins, thereby increasing the amount of free fucose in the lumen. Species like Haemophilus influenzae and Prevotella dentalis increase the expression of fucose permease which enables increased uptake of free fucose. Campylobacter does not increase the expression of fucose permease in ICD, but it does increase the expression of cadF, a protein that enables adherence to fucosylated mucins