Table 1.
Demographic, anthropometric, dietary and psychological characteristics of study participant across the tertiles of energy-adjusted DTAC (n = 175)
| Characteristics | Tertiles of energy-adjusted DTAC | P-trend** | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (n = 58) | T2 (n = 59) | T3 (n = 58) | ||
| Energy-adjusted DTAC, median (μmol/day) | 14,262.79 | 18,462.49 | 23,208.09 | |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Age (year)† | 56.0 (8.2) | 55.0 (7.0) | 57.0 (10.0) | 0.4 |
| Education (year)† | 4.0 (6.0) | 5.0 (6.0) | 5.0 (6.0) | 0.1 |
| Menopausal years (year)† | 6.5 (9.7) | 4.0 (6.0) | 8.0 (11.0) | 0.9 |
| Marital status n (%)* | ||||
| Married | 45 (25.7) | 51 (29.1) | 49 (28.0) | 0.3 |
| Single/divorced/single | 13 (7.4) | 8 (4.6) | 9 (5.1) | |
| Economic status, n (%)* | ||||
| High/average | 18 (10.3) | 22 (12.6) | 21 (12.0) | 0.5 |
| Low | 40 (22.9) | 37 (21.0) | 37 (21.0) | |
| Supplement use and medical history n (%)* | ||||
| Dietary supplement use | 33 (18.9) | 36 (20.6) | 42 (24.0) | 0.08 |
| Family history of depression | 14 (25.7) | 15 (25.7) | 15 (25.7) | 0.8 |
| CVD | 25 (14.3) | 16 (9.1) | 15 (8.6) | 0.8 |
| Metabolic disorders | 12 (14.3) | 21 (9.1) | 20 (8.6) | 0.1 |
| Anthropometric and physical activity measures | ||||
| Height (cm)† | 154.0 (6.5) | 155.0 (6.5) | 155.7 (7.6) | 0.1 |
| Weight (kg)† | 72.7 (11.8) | 74.0 (12.6) | 74.6 (12.3) | 0.3 |
| BMI (kg/m2)† | 29.6 (8.4) | 30.4 (5.5) | 30.0 (4.7) | 0.8 |
| WC (cm)† | 103.0 (13.6) | 102.5 (14.0) | 106.0 (13.6) | 0.5 |
| Physical activity (MET min/week)† | 460.0 (462.0) | 471.0 (789.0) | 585.7 (1128.0) | 0.02 |
| Dietary factors | ||||
| Energy intake (kcal/day)‡ | 2369.4 ± 397.6 | 2138.4 ± 450.6 | 2324.6 ± 511.4 | 0.5 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day)† | 331.6 (110.7) | 306.6 (103.4) | 349.8 (108.4) | 0.2 |
| Protein (g/day)‡ | 83.4 ± 17.5 | 77.2 ± 17.0 | 84.9 ± 20.7 | 0.6 |
| Fat (g/day)† | 74.6 (32.6) | 67.6 (17.6) | 67.0 (33.1) | 0.01 |
| Carbohydrate (%EI) | 57.4 ± 5.8 | 60.3 ± 5.4 | 61.5 ± 4.9 | < 0.001 |
| Protein (%EI) | 14.0 ± 1.9 | 14.5 ± 1.8 | 14.6 ± 1.8 | 0.1 |
| Fat (%EI) | 29.5 (8.7) | 27.3 (6.0) | 27.5 (6.4) | 0.003 |
| DASS-42 score | ||||
| Depression† | 8.5 (10.0) | 6.0 (8.0) | 5.5 (9.0) | 0.03 |
| Stress† | 9.0 (9.0) | 10.0 (9.0) | 9.0 (10.0) | 0.4 |
| Anxiety† | 8.0 (6.0) | 7.0 (6.0) | 5.0 (5.0) | 0.02 |
Socioeconomic status defined as: having 3 or less living items for low status, 4–6 living items for average status, and 7–9 living items at home for high status
DTAC dietary total antioxidant capacity, CVD cardiovascular disease, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, MET metabolic equivalents task, EI energy intake, DASS depression, anxiety and stress scale
‡Data are expressed as mean ± SD
†Data are expressed as median (IQR)
* Number of subjects having the characteristic with %
** ANOVA test used for continuous variables and chi-square test used for categorical variables