Fig. 1.

Flow chart of the study population. * New-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus was defined as follows: (1) had never previously taken any diabetic medications; (2) had an fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 126 mg/dL at a health examination during 2007–2012; (3) started taking diabetic medications within 1 year of their health examination under the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes E11–14. Patients with the disease code insulin-dependent DM (E10) was excluded