Table 7.
Association between the dysregulation of cytokines and specific autoimmune diseases
| Pathway | Cytokine dysregulation (based upon literature) | Diseases involved | Sepsis cohort | Septic shock cohort | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||||
| Pro-inflammatory | Overexpression | IL-1 [8, 9, 12] | Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory myopathies*, giant cell arteritis | 0.81 (0.62–1.06) | 0.126 | 0.75 (0.57–0.97) | 0.032 | 0.80 (0.59–1.07) | 0.135 | 0.75 (0.56–1.01) | 0.062 |
| IL-6 [3, 8, 9, 12] | Rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, giant cell arteritis | 0.83 (0.68–1.01) | 0.066 | 0.85 (0.70–1.04) | 0.116 | 0.75 (0.60–0.95) | 0.015 | 0.77 (0.62–0.97) | 0.025 | ||
| IL-12 [8, 12] | Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis | 0.76 (0.59–0.99) | 0.040 | 0.71 (0.55–0.92) | 0.009 | 0.73 (0.55–0.98) | 0.035 | 0.69 (0.52–0.92) | 0.012 | ||
| INF-y [8, 9, 12] | Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, giant cell arteritis | 0.63 (0.45–0.89) | 0.008 | 0.59 (0.42–0.83) | 0.002 | 0.59 (0.41–0.86) | 0.007 | 0.56 (0.39–0.82) | 0.003 | ||
| TNF-a [3, 8, 9, 12] | Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, scleroderma, inflammatory myopathies*, giant cell arteritis | 0.84 (0.69–1.02) | 0.077 | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | 0.120 | 0.77 (0.61–0.96) | 0.020 | 0.79 (0.63–0.98) | 0.032 | ||
| Underexpression | IL-12 [8, 11] | Myasthenia gravis | 0.31 (0.08–1.22) | 0.094 | 0.37 (0.09–1.48) | 0.159 | 0.24 (0.03–1.67) | 0.148 | 0.27 (0.04–1.91) | 0.189 | |
| INF-y [8, 12] | Systemic lupus erythematosus | 0.88 (0.52–1.51) | 0.645 | 0.75 (0.45–1.28) | 0.294 | 0.90 (0.53–1.55) | 0.708 | 0.79 (0.47–1.34) | 0.389 | ||
| TNF-a [8, 9] | Systemic lupus erythematosus and ankylosing spondylitis | 0.83 (0.52–1.33) | 0.443 | 0.71 (0.44–1.13) | 0.145 | 0.86 (0.54–1.39) | 0.549 | 0.75 (0.47–1.20) | 0.236 | ||
| Anti-inflammatory | Overexpression | IL-4 [3, 8, 12] | Systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, scleroderma | 1.02 (0.64–1.62) | 0.941 | 0.88 (0.56–1.38) | 0.571 | 1.03 (0.64–1.66) | 0.908 | 0.92 (0.58–1.46) | 0.712 |
| IL-10 [9, 12] | Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus e | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | 0.220 | 0.77 (0.60–0.99) | 0.039 | 0.85 (0.65–1.11) | 0.239 | 0.79 (0.61–1.03) | 0.083 | ||
| TGF-B [12] | Inflammatory myopathies* | 0.62 (0.15–2.49) | 0.500 | 0.53 (0.13–2.13) | 0.371 | 0.83 (0.21–3.37) | 0.799 | 0.80 (0.20–3.21) | 0.754 | ||
| IL-13 [3, 8] | Multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, scleroderma | 0.63 (0.37–1.06) | 0.084 | 0.62 (0.36–1.04) | 0.072 | 0.55 (0.29–1.02) | 0.058 | 0.53 (0.28–0.98) | 0.043 | ||
| Underexpression | IL-1 receptor antagonist [9] | Rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis | 0.90 (0.67–1.21) | 0.492 | 1.11 (0.83–1.47) | 0.481 | 0.76 (0.53–1.07) | 0.118 | 0.90 (0.64–1.27) | 0.555 | |
| IL-4 [12] | Rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis | 0.76 (0.57–1.00) | 0.054 | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | 0.411 | 0.62 (0.44–0.87) | 0.006 | 0.70 (0.50–0.98) | 0.040 | ||
| IL-10 [8, 12] | Rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis | 0.76 (0.57–1.00) | 0.054 | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | 0.411 | 0.62 (0.44–0.87) | 0.006 | 0.70 (0.50–0.98) | 0.040 | ||
| TGF-B [8, 12] | Systemic lupus erythematosus | 0.88 (0.52–1.51) | 0.645 | 0.75 (0.45–1.28) | 0.294 | 0.90 (0.53–1.55) | 0.708 | 0.79 (0.47–1.34) | 0.389 | ||
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, race, ICU unit, Elixhauser score, pre-admission chronic DMARD or prednisone use, and SOFA. Model 2 adjusted for SOFA
*Inflammatory myopathies include polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis