. 2019 Mar 12;6:23. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00023

Table 3.

Correlation of total HMOs in colon and urine with NEC and intestinal permeability, respectively.

No.	Experiment 1 (5 days, 4-HMO) [piglets, n]	Experiment 2 (5 days, 25-HMO) [piglets, n]	Experiment 3 (11 days, 4HMO) [piglets, n]
NEC^a
All piglets	−0.318^nsc [17]	−0.722^ns[18]	−0.316^ns [16]
NEC	−0.866^ns [4]	−0.764^**^e [13]	−0.476^ns [9]
No NEC	−0.241^ns [13]	−0.001^ns [5]	−0.722^ns [7]
PER^b
All piglets	0.121^ns [8]	−0.318^ns [11]	0.400^ns [4]
NEC	n.d.^d [2]	−0.866^ns [3]	n.d. [2]
No NEC	−0.116 ^ns [6]	−0.241^ns [8]	n.d. [2]

Cumulative NEC score: a score of ≥3 in any of the evaluated regions (stomach, proximal, middle, distal small intestine or colon) was defined as NEC.

Permeability: lactulose and mannitol contents were analyzed in urine and lactulose to mannitol concentration ratio was used as an indicator of intestinal permeability.

Significance was given at

^**

P < 0.05 (ns = not significant).

n.d. = not determined. The limited sample size hampered detail statistical evaluation for subgroups.

Significant correlation for 2′FL (r = −0.67; P = 0.01), difucosyllactose (DF-L) (r = −0.69; P = 0.008), LNFP II (r = −0.72; P = 0.0039), LNT (r = −0.65; P = 0.0076), LNnT (r = −0.59; P = 0.0011) and disialyl-LNT (DSLNT) (r = −0.64; P = 0.03), but not for 3-FL, LNFP I, LNFP III, sialyl-LNT (LST) a, LST b, 3′SL and 6′SL.